PICANTE - Processes, Impacts, and Changes of ANTarctic Extreme weather

极端天气事件，从热浪到洪水，正变得越来越强，越来越频繁，这是气候变化的一个明显表现。在南极洲，极端天气通过加剧融化耗尽冰盖，这可能会提高全球海平面，或通过增加降雪加强冰盖，这可能会降低全球海平面。南极极端天气事件（AEWE）是一种人们知之甚少的复杂现象，由一系列尺度上的因素驱动。在区域范围内，它们是由高、低压系统（如天气图上所示）和大气河流（数千公里长的气流）驱动的，这些气流从低纬度带来温暖和潮湿的空气。反过来，这些天气系统是由更大规模的气候变化模式驱动的，如厄尔尼诺/南方涛动和南极周围西风的强度，这些模式本身可能受到人类引起的气候变化的影响。PICANTE项目旨在改变我们对AEWE特征和驱动因素的理解，理清自然气候变化和人类影响的作用，并利用这些知识来预测未来AEWE对南极气候和冰架的影响。冰架特别容易受到AEWE的影响，因为它们从底部向上（从温暖的海水）和顶部向下（从温暖的空气）融化。较薄的冰架不太稳定，容易坍塌;这一点很重要，因为冰架阻碍了南极洲的地面冰流入海洋。失去冰架会导致冰盖更快地滑入大海，导致全球海平面上升。为了实现我们的目标，我们确定了五个符合呼吁范围的目标。1）利用南极气象站网络的观测数据，编制一个关于AEWE、其天气系统驱动因素及其对当地气候影响的综合数据集，2）利用这些数据和最先进的人工智能技术，调查AEWE驱动因素链在不同尺度上的相对贡献。然后，我们将使用高分辨率气候模拟，新的卫星观测和冰盖表面模拟，将这些与当地对冰架稳定性的影响联系起来。3）为了了解AEWE未来的潜在分布及其影响，我们将在一系列可能的情景下对未来气候进行模拟，并对冰盖表面和海洋进行新的模拟，以研究AEWE的变化将如何影响4）这将自然导致确定需要改进的模型改进，以改进AEWE及其影响的预测，特别是在当地气候，冰面和海洋模型方面。由于（1）中观测到的极端情况只能代表一个样本，在目前的气候条件下，可能会发生更多的极端事件，可能造成前所未有的影响。政府间气候变化专门委员会预测，到世纪末，南极洲将升温5摄氏度，极端天气事件将变得更强、更频繁。因此，如果我们要了解这些变化对南极冰盖命运和全球海平面上升的影响，了解AEWE的原因和影响至关重要。

Extreme weather events, from heatwaves to flooding, are becoming stronger and more frequent in a visible manifestation of climate change. In Antarctica, extreme weather depletes the ice sheet through enhanced melting, which can raise global sea level, or strengthens the ice sheet through enhanced snowfall, which can lower global sea level.Antarctic extreme weather events (AEWE) are poorly understood and complex phenomena driven by factors across a range of scales. At the regional scale, they are driven by high and low-pressure systems, such as those seen on weather maps, and by atmospheric rivers - currents of air thousands of kilometres long - which bring warm and moist air from lower latitudes. In turn, these weather systems are driven by larger-scale patterns of climate variability, such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the strength of the westerly winds encircling the Antarctic, which may themselves be affected by human-induced climate change.The PICANTE project aims to transform our understanding of the characteristics and drivers of AEWE, to disentangle the roles of natural climate variability and human influence, and to use this knowledge to predict the impact of future AEWEs on Antarctic climate and ice shelves. Ice shelves are particularly vulnerable to AEWE because they melt from both the bottom up (from warm ocean water) and the top down (from warm air). Thinner ice shelves are less stable and prone to collapse; this is important because ice shelves dam the flow of Antarctica's grounded ice into the ocean. Losing the ice shelves causes the ice sheet to slide into the sea faster, causing global sea level to rise.To achieve our aim, we have identified five objectives fit to the scope of the call.1) To compile a comprehensive dataset of AEWEs, their weather system drivers, and their local climate impacts using observations from Antarctica's weather station network, interpolated data from a wider network of observations (climate reanalysis) and simulations from climate models.2) To use these data and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques, to investigate the relative contribution of the chain of drivers of AEWE across different scales. We will then use high resolution climate simulations, novel satellite observations and simulations of the ice sheet surface to connect these to local impacts on ice shelf stability.3) To understand the potential future distribution of AEWE and their impacts, we will use simulations of future climate under a range of possible scenarios together with new simulations of the ice sheet surface and ocean to investigate how changes to AEWE will affect future ice shelf stability.4) This will naturally lead to identifying model improvements needed to improve projections of AEWEs and their impacts, specifically in terms of local climate, ice surface and ocean models.5) Finally, we leave space to discover unprecedented extremes. Since the observed extremes from (1) can only represent a sample; more extreme events may be possible in the current climate, with potentially unprecedented impacts.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projects that Antarctica will warm by up to 5oC by the end of the century, and that extreme weather events will become stronger and more frequent. Understanding the causes and impacts of AEWE is therefore now critical if we are to understand the implications of these changes for the fate of the Antarctic ice sheet and global sea level rise.