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Evolution of solar system materials and bodies under hypervelocity impact

超高速撞击下太阳系材料和天体的演化

基本信息

批准号：
ST/I001662/1
负责人：
Mark Burchell
金额：
$ 56.02万
依托单位：
University of Kent
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FI001662%2F1
关键词：
Evolution solar system materials bodies

项目摘要

The work uses hypervelocity impacts (crudely impacts at speeds above 1 km/s) to probe a series of phenomena relevant to planetary science, We will look at the question of whether the shocks involved in hypervelocity impacts onto targets of mixtures of diferent ices and chemicals, can make amino acids and other complex organic molecules which are the ingredients of life. If they can, this may be a means for producing large amounts of these key molecules in space on icy bodies (such as comet nuclei or icy satellties of the outer planets). We will also investigate if ices which are doped with such compounds can successfuly deliver the compounds to targets during hypervelocity impacts. This could be a route for these compounds to arrive on an early Earth for example. We will explore this via both laboratory experiments and computer simulations. Regarding cratering process, we will start with impact cratering in hot rocks, typical of the surfaces of Venus and Mercury, where we have data from space missions, showing the presence of impact craters. That the properties of rocks change with temperature is well know, but not widely considered in impact cratering. We explore this using heated targets in our own gun and then trying to model the results using computer programmes, testing the validity of the models in the codes. We will also look at cratering in ices which have sand mixed into them. This is realistic of some types of icy body in the Solar System which are not pure water ice, but can have different amounts of silicates mixed into them. Again we will back up the experimental work (from our gun) with computer based modelling. As well as this, we will directly study cometary and interstellar dust by working on data analysis for the NASA Stardust mission, which in 2006 returned samples of these dusts from space to the Earth. We have a history of succesful involvement in studying these samples and will continue to do so. We not only study them in our laboratory, but also create analogue samples using our gun to understand any modification the real samples may have undergone when captured in space by the NASA Stardust spacecraft in hypervelocity impacts. As with all our proposed work, we will back the impact experiments with computer modelling, to more fully understand what is occurring. Finally we will also study some of the underlying physics in hypervelocity impacts, by studying impacts of small particles onto targets. When these projectiles are smaller than 10 millionths of a metre in size, the size of the resulting impact craters are a particularly sensitive test of our ability to correctly model high strain rate impact processes. We will carry out shots of various types of materials using our own gun and compare to what modelling predicts. In all our work, the combination of experimental work and computer modelling will provide a powerful tool for studying these impact processes. The results and insights gained will greatly aid our understanding of a wide range of phenomena of fundamental importance in the Solar System.

这项工作使用超高速撞击（粗略地说，撞击速度超过1公里/秒）来探索一系列与行星科学相关的现象。我们将研究超高速撞击不同冰和化学物质混合物的目标所涉及的冲击是否可以产生氨基酸和其他复杂的有机分子，这些分子是生命的成分。如果可以的话，这可能是在太空中的冰体（如彗星核或外行星的冰卫星）上产生大量这些关键分子的一种手段。我们还将研究掺杂这种化合物的冰是否能在超高速撞击中成功地将化合物传递到目标。例如，这可能是这些化合物到达早期地球的途径。我们将通过实验室实验和计算机模拟来探讨这一点。关于陨石坑的形成过程，我们将从热岩石中的陨石坑开始，典型的金星和水星表面，我们有来自太空任务的数据，显示陨石坑的存在。众所周知，岩石的性质随温度的变化而变化，但在陨石坑中却没有得到广泛的考虑。我们在自己的枪中使用加热目标来探索这个问题，然后尝试使用计算机程序对结果进行建模，测试代码中模型的有效性。我们还会看到冰中的陨石坑，其中混合了沙子。这对于太阳系中某些类型的冰体来说是现实的，这些冰体不是纯水冰，但可能含有不同数量的硅酸盐。再一次，我们将用基于计算机的建模来支持实验工作（从我们的枪）。除此之外，我们还将直接研究彗星和星际尘埃，为美国宇航局的星尘任务进行数据分析，该任务于2006年将这些尘埃的样本从太空带回地球。我们有成功参与研究这些样本的历史，并将继续这样做。我们不仅在实验室里研究它们，还用我们的枪制作了模拟样本，以了解当美国宇航局星尘号宇宙飞船在太空中以超高速撞击捕获真实样本时，真实样本可能经历的任何修改。与我们所有提议的工作一样，我们将用计算机建模来支持撞击实验，以更全面地了解正在发生的事情。最后，我们还将通过研究小粒子对目标的撞击来研究超高速撞击中的一些基本物理现象。当这些弹丸的尺寸小于百万分之一米时，所产生的陨石坑的大小是对我们正确模拟高应变率撞击过程能力的特别敏感的测试。我们将使用我们自己的枪进行各种类型材料的射击，并与建模预测的结果进行比较。在我们所有的工作中，实验工作和计算机建模的结合将为研究这些冲击过程提供有力的工具。所获得的结果和见解将极大地帮助我们理解太阳系中各种重要的基本现象。