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Armagh Observatory Consolidated Grant

阿马天文台综合拨款

基本信息

批准号：
ST/J001082/1
负责人：
John Gerard Doyle
金额：
$ 39万
依托单位：
Armagh Observatory
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FJ001082%2F1
关键词：
Armagh Observatory Consolidated Grant

项目摘要

This research programme combines projects in Solar Physics, Planetary Science and Stellar and Galactic Astrophysics. These fields encompass studies of our Sun and Solar System, and Stars (including the evolution of both single and binary systems, i.e. two stars orbiting around one another) and the role played by stars as tracers for our understanding of the wider Universe. A key uncertainty in our knowledge is the role of binarity in the evolution of stars, and the interactions of one star with another during their evolution. In this case, at different times, material from one star can flow onto the other (and sometimes vice versa), and more rarely two stars may collide to produce a single more massive object or sometimes a gigantic explosion called a supernova. Such stellar collisions are called mergers, and they lead to objects with unusual chemical composition which contain a 'fossil' record of the two stars' joint history or (in the case of a supernova) to an object with short-lived properties that can be used to probe the most distant parts of the Universe. A second area of our research on stars concerns the measurement of stellar magnetic fields, and the impact of magnetic fields on a star's evolution. The reason why some stars are magnetic, and others less so, remains a mystery, and our work aims to provide reliable data with which to compare the different ideas. A third is the origin, evolution and fate of the most massive stars in the Universe. Their evolution is dominated by powerful stellar winds. Do such stars explode disruptively at the end of their lives, or do they ultimately collapse to produce black holes; and, in either case, what is the effect of the stellar wind on neighbouring stars and the nearby star-forming regions? This work will significantly advance our understanding of stars.Our work on the Sun - our nearest Star - has implications not just for understanding stars generally but also for how processes in our Sun's visible atmosphere produce the observed phenomena that ultimately leads to heating of its million-degree Corona and the formation of the Solar Wind. The Sun is a variable star showing a dominant roughly 11-year cycle of magnetic activity between episodes of sunspot maximum and minimum. It is currently observed continuously by a fleet of spacecraft, and our detailed observations from instruments onboard these spacecraft (which cover a very wide range of wavelengths) are designed to improve our understanding of the physics of the Sun's atmosphere and the mechanisms by which it produces occasional massive outbursts of mass and energy. Some of these outbursts have huge power, and can lead not just to the visible appearance of aurorae in the Earth's upper atmosphere but to potentially damaging effects on spacecraft and large-scale power systems on Earth. The variable magnetic activity of the Sun has broad implications for Earth's place in the near-space environment.Lastly, we seek to understand the origin of our planetary system, and the evolution of the small bodies - comets and asteroids (and their debris) - within it. We will study the newly discovered populations of small satellites orbiting the giant planets, for example Jupiter and Saturn, to test theories of the origin of our Solar System. We will also investigate the detailed processes by which comets decay into meteoroid streams, debris from which may occasionally cross Earth's orbit to produce the well-known phenomenon of a meteor shower - the burning up of small pieces of cometary material in the Earth's atmosphere. Not only are there interesting scientific reasons to study such objects and their interrelationships with each other in the Solar System, but the study of Earth's near-space astronomical environment has important practical benefits, leading to better understanding of the distribution of small bodies on near-Earth orbits and the time-variable risk of collisions with the Earth.

该研究方案结合了太阳物理学、行星科学以及恒星和银河天体物理学方面的项目。这些领域包括对我们的太阳和太阳系以及恒星的研究（包括单星和双星系统的演化，即两颗恒星围绕彼此运行）以及恒星作为示踪剂为我们理解更广泛的宇宙所发挥的作用。我们知识中的一个关键不确定性是双星在恒星演化中的作用，以及一颗星星与另一颗恒星在演化过程中的相互作用。在这种情况下，在不同的时间，来自一颗星星的物质可以流到另一颗恒星上（有时反之亦然），更罕见的是，两颗恒星可能会碰撞产生一个更大的物体，有时会发生巨大的爆炸，称为超新星。这样的恒星碰撞被称为合并，它们会产生具有不寻常化学成分的物体，其中包含两颗恒星联合历史的“化石”记录，或者（在超新星的情况下）产生具有短暂性质的物体，可以用来探测宇宙中最遥远的部分。我们研究恒星的第二个领域是恒星磁场的测量，以及磁场对星星演化的影响。为什么有些恒星具有磁性，而另一些则不那么具有磁性，这仍然是一个谜，我们的工作旨在提供可靠的数据来比较不同的想法。第三个是宇宙中最大质量恒星的起源、演化和命运。它们的演化是由强大的恒星风控制的。这样的恒星在生命结束时会发生分裂性爆炸，还是最终坍缩产生黑洞？在这两种情况下，恒星风对邻近恒星和附近恒星形成区的影响是什么？这项工作将极大地推进我们对恒星的理解。我们对太阳--离我们最近的星星-的研究不仅对理解恒星有意义，而且对太阳可见大气层中的过程如何产生观测到的现象有意义，这些现象最终导致百万度日冕的加热和太阳风的形成。太阳是一颗变星星星，在太阳黑子最大和最小的两次活动之间，磁场活动的周期大约为11年。目前，它由一组航天器连续观测，我们从这些航天器上的仪器（覆盖非常广泛的波长范围）进行的详细观测旨在提高我们对太阳大气层物理学及其偶尔产生质量和能量大规模爆发的机制的理解。其中一些爆发具有巨大的能量，不仅可以导致地球高层大气中可见的极光，还可能对地球上的航天器和大型电力系统造成潜在的破坏性影响。太阳磁场的变化对地球在近太空环境中的地位有着广泛的影响。最后，我们试图了解我们行星系统的起源，以及小天体-彗星和小行星-的演变我们将研究新发现的围绕巨行星运行的小卫星群，例如木星和土星，来检验太阳系起源的理论我们还将研究彗星衰变成流星体流的详细过程，流星体流的碎片偶尔会穿过地球轨道，产生众所周知的流星雨现象-在地球大气层中燃烧小块彗星物质。研究这类天体及其在太阳系中的相互关系不仅有着令人感兴趣的科学理由，而且研究地球的近地空间天文学环境具有重要的实际益处，有助于更好地了解近地轨道上小天体的分布情况以及与地球发生碰撞的随时间变化的风险。