TEMPORAL STRUCTURING OF SPEECH AND MANUAL GESTURES

本计划的长期目标是了解 语音和手动手势的时间结构。该理论中的一个主要假说 目前的研究计划是，这样的理解需要考虑 作为时空活动模式的基础的动态 演讲者或表演者行为技巧中与任务相关的元素。 我们的具体目标是研究这些动态，既有经验的，也有 从理论上讲，通过关注两个演讲中的三个主要时间现象 生产和生产简单的手指敲击图案 “手势。”从这些领域获得的知识将具有具体的 对我们的任务-动态言语模型进一步发展的启示 产生及其对非言语行为的概括。第一种现象 是口语中单个成分的持续时间的局部变化 发声或手动序列，通过指定元素的 固有时长或强调重音，有系统但知之甚少 对序列的整体全局持续时间的影响。了解这些 效果将为建模中心之间的交互提供约束 “时钟一样”的过程和外围的“马达”事件。第二种现象 是在生产过程中发生的图案稳定性的降低 “绕口令”和相对困难的手工模式。特别的 利益是不稳定随着时间的推移而发展的方式。理解这一点 Effect将为交互(耦合)建模提供约束 功能)在同时活动的手势单元之间。第三个现象是 高级结构(层次化韵律)的系统性“签名” 语音中的结构；单手敲击中的层级节奏结构) 语音的运动学和体力活动的运动学和动力学。 了解这种影响将为通过以下方式对方法进行建模提供约束 哪种高级结构在表达上调节正在进行的动作，以及如何 这种高级结构体现在中央时钟或计时器中。 总体而言，该研究计划将提供有价值的数据和理论 对人类技能活动的组织方式的理解 时间，因此将为运动障碍提供有价值的线索，例如 帕金森氏病，在时间域中的控制能力受损 这是这种疾病表现的核心。

The long-term objective of this program is to understand the temporal structuring of speech and manual gestures. A major hypothesis in the present research program is that such an understanding requires a consideration of the dynamics that underlie the spatiotemporal patterning of activity across the task-relevant elements of a speaker's or performer's behavioral repertoire. Our specific aims are to investigate these dynamics, both empirically and theoretically, by focusing on three major temporal phenomena in both speech production and in the production of simple patterns of finger tapping "gestures." Knowledge gained from each of these areas will have specific implications for further developments of our task-dynamic model of speech production and its generalization to nonspeech behaviors. The first phenomenon is that local variations in the duration of single elements in a spoken utterance or manual sequence, induced through specification of the element's intrinsic duration or emphatic stress, have systematic but poorly understood effects on the overall global duration of the sequence. Understanding these effects will provide constraints for modeling interactions between central "clock-like" processes and peripheral "motoric" events. The second phenomenon is the decrease in pattern stability that occurs during the production of "tongue twisters" and comparably difficult manual patterns. Of particular interest is the way that instability develops over time. Understanding this effect will provide constraints for modeling the interactions (coupling functions) among simultaneously active gestural units. The third phenomenon is the systematic "signature" of high level structure (hierarchical prosodic structure in speech; hierarchical rhythmic structure in unimanual tapping) on the kinematics of speech and the kinematics and kinetics of manual activity. Understanding this effect will provide constraints for modeling the means by which high level structure expressively modulates ongoing movements, and how this high level structure is embodied in central clocks or timekeepers. Overall, the research program will provide valuable data and theoretical understanding of the manner in which human skilled activities are structured in time and, hence, will provide valuable clues to movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, in which compromised control in the temporal domain is central to the disorder's presentation.