TEMPORAL STRUCTURING OF SPEECH AND MANUAL GESTURES

该计划的长期目标是了解 语音和手势的时间结构。一个主要的假设， 目前的研究计划是，这样的理解需要考虑 的动力学基础的时空模式的活动， 演讲者或表演者的行为技能中与任务相关的要素。 我们的具体目标是调查这些动态，无论是经验和 从理论上讲，通过关注两种语言中的三种主要时间现象， 生产和生产简单的手指敲击图案 “手势。“从这些领域中获得的知识将具有特定的 对我们的任务动态言语模型进一步发展的启示 生产和推广到非言语行为。第一现象 是口语中单个元素持续时间的局部变化 话语或手动序列，通过元素的规范引起的 内在持续时间或抗应激，有系统的，但知之甚少 对序列的整体全局持续时间的影响。了解这些 效果将为建模中心之间的交互提供约束 “时钟样”过程和外围“运动”事件。第二现象 是图案稳定性的降低， “绕口令”和高难度的手工模式。特别 利息是不稳定性随时间发展的方式。理解这一 效应将为交互（耦合）建模提供约束 功能）之间的同时积极的手势单位。第三个现象是 高层次结构系统“签名”（层次韵律 语音结构;单手敲击的层次节奏结构） 语言的运动学和手动活动的运动学和动力学。 理解这种效应将为建模提供约束条件， 哪种高级结构表达性地调节正在进行的运动，以及如何调节 这种高级结构体现在中央时钟或计时器中。 总体而言，该研究计划将提供有价值的数据和理论 理解人类技能活动的结构方式， 时间，因此，将提供有价值的线索，运动障碍，如 帕金森氏病，其中颞叶控制受损， 对疾病的表现至关重要

The long-term objective of this program is to understand the temporal structuring of speech and manual gestures. A major hypothesis in the present research program is that such an understanding requires a consideration of the dynamics that underlie the spatiotemporal patterning of activity across the task-relevant elements of a speaker's or performer's behavioral repertoire. Our specific aims are to investigate these dynamics, both empirically and theoretically, by focusing on three major temporal phenomena in both speech production and in the production of simple patterns of finger tapping "gestures." Knowledge gained from each of these areas will have specific implications for further developments of our task-dynamic model of speech production and its generalization to nonspeech behaviors. The first phenomenon is that local variations in the duration of single elements in a spoken utterance or manual sequence, induced through specification of the element's intrinsic duration or emphatic stress, have systematic but poorly understood effects on the overall global duration of the sequence. Understanding these effects will provide constraints for modeling interactions between central "clock-like" processes and peripheral "motoric" events. The second phenomenon is the decrease in pattern stability that occurs during the production of "tongue twisters" and comparably difficult manual patterns. Of particular interest is the way that instability develops over time. Understanding this effect will provide constraints for modeling the interactions (coupling functions) among simultaneously active gestural units. The third phenomenon is the systematic "signature" of high level structure (hierarchical prosodic structure in speech; hierarchical rhythmic structure in unimanual tapping) on the kinematics of speech and the kinematics and kinetics of manual activity. Understanding this effect will provide constraints for modeling the means by which high level structure expressively modulates ongoing movements, and how this high level structure is embodied in central clocks or timekeepers. Overall, the research program will provide valuable data and theoretical understanding of the manner in which human skilled activities are structured in time and, hence, will provide valuable clues to movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, in which compromised control in the temporal domain is central to the disorder's presentation.