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2012 Consolidated Grant Supplement

2012年综合赠款补充

基本信息

批准号：
ST/M001733/1
负责人：
Franz Muheim
金额：
$ 0.75万
依托单位：
University of Edinburgh
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=ST%2FM001733%2F1
关键词：
2012 Consolidated Grant Supplement

项目摘要

The Particle Physics Research Group at the University of Edinburgh participates in the programme of research at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva. The LHC is the most complex machine ever built, and creates conditions of energy density and temperature which existed at approximately 10^-12 seconds after the big bang when particles existed under very different conditions. With these conditions new particles can be created which we can study. At Edinburgh we are working in two different areas.In the first of these we work at the LHCb experiment. Prior to the 1960s, it had been thought that the laws of physics were symmetric under the combined operations of exchanging particle for anti-particle and reversing the parity of the particle. Under such conditions matter and anti-matter would behave in the same way. However, it was discovered that this symmetry was violated, and that matter does not behave in an identical way to anti-matter. In terms of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics this is embodied in the phenomenon of CP violation arising through the CKM matrix. CP violation is essential to understanding the early universe. At early times there were equal amounts of matter and anti-matter. Under general assumptions of CPT symmetry and thermal equilibrium, this situation would have remained so as the universe expanded. During this expansion and cooling, matter and anti-matter would have annihilated into photons to leave a universe full of radiation, but no stars and galaxies. It was shown in 1967 by Sakarov that if three conditions were met, then it would be possible for a small imbalance of matter over anti-matter to accrue. This imbalance would be only 1 part in 10^9, but would be sufficient to explain the existence of the universe. These conditions demand that CP is violated in the laws of physics. Given this far-reaching link between particle physics and cosmology, experimenters have been seeking to understand this phenomenon for many years. The b-quark sector is the best place to further our understanding and this is domain of the LHCb experiment. LHCb is the next generation experiment to further these studies and will improve the accuracy of many measurements by orders of magnitude.In the second area we work at the ATLAS experiment. ATLAS is one of two detectors able to study a wide variety of particles created from the collision of protons, and can address fundamental questions. The most well know question is that of the origin of mass, and the most famous particle being sought is the Higgs boson. The Higgs is necessary because the beautiful symmetry (gauge symmetry) which underlies our understanding of particle interactions inherently demands that all particles are massless. This cannot be the case and the elegant solution put forward is now known as the Higgs mechanism. Discovery of the Higgs boson would be the proof that that this is true. Another area addressed by ATLAS is that of the search for supersymmetry whereby all particles we know of have a so called super-partner differing by one half unit of spin. If this proved to be true it would help solve many problems. One of its most important consequences would be a candidate for dark matter, which makes up about 25% of our Universe, and about which we know nothing.We are also working hard on the planning, design and development for the upgraded detectors at the LHC for around 2018. The intensity of the beans will be increased and the data rates recorded by the detectors will increase by orders of magnitude. This requires development of new detectors and electronics. In this grant application we request support for the Edinburgh Particle Physics Research Group, including academic staff and post-doctoral researchers to further all of these areas.

爱丁堡大学的粒子物理研究小组参与了日内瓦大型强子对撞机的研究计划。大型强子对撞机是有史以来建造的最复杂的机器，它创造的能量密度和温度条件在大爆炸后大约10^-12秒内存在，当时粒子在非常不同的条件下存在。有了这些条件，就可以创造出我们可以研究的新粒子。在爱丁堡，我们在两个不同的领域工作。在第一个领域，我们致力于LHCb实验。在20世纪60年代之前，人们一直认为，在粒子交换反粒子和粒子宇称颠倒的组合运算下，物理定律是对称的。在这种情况下，物质和反物质的行为是一样的。然而，人们发现这种对称性被破坏了，而且该物质的行为方式与反物质不同。就粒子物理的标准模型(SM)而言，这体现在通过CKM矩阵产生的CP破坏现象。CP破坏对于理解早期宇宙是必不可少的。在早期，物质和反物质是等量的。在CPT对称性和热平衡的一般假设下，随着宇宙的膨胀，这种情况将保持不变。在这种膨胀和冷却过程中，物质和反物质将湮没成光子，留下一个充满辐射的宇宙，但没有恒星和星系。1967年，萨卡洛夫证明，如果满足三个条件，那么就有可能出现物质相对于反物质的微小不平衡。这种不平衡只是十分之一，但足以解释宇宙的存在。这些条件要求在物理定律中违反CP。鉴于粒子物理学和宇宙学之间的这种深远联系，多年来，实验者们一直在试图了解这一现象。B夸克部分是加深我们理解的最好地方，这也是LHCb实验的领域。LHCb是进一步推进这些研究的下一代实验，将以数量级提高许多测量的精度。在第二个领域，我们致力于ATLAS实验。阿特拉斯是两个能够研究质子碰撞产生的各种粒子的探测器之一，可以解决基本问题。最广为人知的问题是质量的起源，而正在寻找的最著名的粒子是希格斯玻色子。希格斯是必要的，因为美丽的对称性(规范对称性)是我们理解粒子相互作用的基础，本质上要求所有粒子都是无质量的。但事实并非如此，人们提出的优雅解决方案现在被称为希格斯机制。希格斯玻色子的发现将证明这是真的。ATLAS解决的另一个领域是寻找超对称性，即我们所知的所有粒子都有一个所谓的超级伙伴，自旋相差半个单位。如果事实证明这是真的，这将有助于解决许多问题。它最重要的后果之一将是暗物质的候选者，暗物质约占我们宇宙的25%，而我们对此一无所知。我们还在努力规划、设计和开发2018年左右大型强子对撞机上升级的探测器。Bean的强度将增加，探测器记录的数据速率将增加数量级。这就需要开发新的探测器和电子器件。在这项拨款申请中，我们请求支持爱丁堡粒子物理研究小组，包括学术人员和博士后研究人员，以促进所有这些领域的发展。