MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF OLD WORLD MONKEY HOST SPECIES

旧大陆的猴子和猿是许多能引起人类疾病的传染因子（病毒和微生物）的天然宿主。这些病原体包括艾滋病毒/SIV慢病毒、埃博拉病毒、疱疹病毒和许多其他外源性和内源性病毒。要了解这些病原体的起源和传播模式，首先需要了解宿主物种的系统发育。近年来，通过对类人猿和人类的整个线粒体DNA （mtDNA）基因组和核DNA （nDNA）编码的几个非连锁位点的分析，类人猿和人类的分子系统发育终于有了统计上的信心。遵循这一成功的策略，在这里，我们建议产生和分析必要的DNA序列数据，以推断旧大陆猴子主要谱系的统计稳健的分子系统发育。旧大陆的猴子分为两个亚科：猴亚科（亚洲叶猴、叶猴和非洲疣猴，约9属30余种）和猴亚科（猕猴、狒狒、白眉猴、长尾猴和绿猴，约10属50余种）。我们计划通过以下工作来解决这些属的系统发育问题，这些属是许多导致人类疾病的病原体的携带者：我们将纯化、克隆并测序9种猴类（斑猴、塔拉波猴、沼泽猴、一种长尾猴、绿猴、山魈、猕猴和两只白眉猴）、9种猴类（非洲橄榄猴、红疣猴和格列萨疣猴、亚洲哈人猴、黑叶猴和黑叶猴、一种叶猴、金猴和长鼻猴）和2种新世界猴（松鼠猴和鸣叫猴）的整个mtDNA基因组。具体目标2：使用与上述相同的物种，我们将对几个未连锁的nDNA位点进行测序，每个物种总计约15至20千碱基。具体目标3：将对这些mtDNA和nDNA序列进行系统发育和统计分析，以检验有关猴子系统发育的关键假设，并产生和检验新的假设。综上所述，这些遗传数据应该产生一个健全的系统发育，显示出owm主要谱系的分支顺序和分化时间。这种系统发育将为推断生物过程提供适当的进化框架，例如传染因子的起源、宿主和病原体的共同进化、宿主和病原体分子的适应以及物种内部和物种之间的疾病传播模式。

The Old World monkeys and apes are natural hosts for many infectious agents (viruses and microbes) that can cause human disease. These include such pathogens as the HIV/SIV lentiviruses, Ebola viruses, herpesviruses, and numerous other exogenous and endogenous viruses. Understanding the origins and transmission patterns of such agents requires first knowing the phylogeny of the host species. Within recent years, the molecular phylogeny of the great apes and humans has finally been resolved, with statistical confidence, by analysis of their entire mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes and several unlinked loci encoded by nuclear DNA (nDNA). Following this successful strategy, here we propose to produce and analyze the DNA sequence data necessary for inference of a statistically-robust molecular phylogeny of the major lineages of Old World monkeys. The Old World monkeys are divided into two subfamilies, the colobines (Asian langurs and leaf-monkeys, and African colobus monkeys; over 30 species in about 9 genera) and the cercopithecines (macaques, baboons, mangabeys, guenons, and green monkeys; over 50 species in about 10 genera). We plan to resolve the phylogeny of these genera, which are carriers of many agents that cause human disease, by doing the following: SPECIFIC AIM 1: We will purify, clone, and sequence the entire mtDNA genomes from 9 cercopithecines (patas, talapoin, swamp monkey, a guenon, green monkey, mandrill, a macaque, and two mangabeys), 9 colobines (the African olive, red, and guereza colobus monkeys, and the Asian Hanuman, dusky and douc langurs, and a leaf, golden, and proboscis monkey), and two New World monkeys (squirrel and howler monkey) as additional outgroups. SPECIFIC AIM 2: Using the same species as above, we will sequence several unlinked nDNA loci, totaling about 15 to 20 kilobases per species. SPECIFIC AIM 3: These mtDNA and nDNA sequences will be analyzed phylogenetically and statistically to test key hypotheses concerning monkey phylogeny, as well as to generate and test new hypotheses. Taken together, these genetic data should produce a robust phylogeny, showing both the branching order and the times of divergence of the major lineages of OWMs. This phylogeny will provide the proper evolutionary framework for inferences about biological processes such as the origin of infectious agents, the coevolution of hosts and pathogens, adaptation of host and pathogen molecules, and patterns of disease transmission within and between species.