LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION AS STRUCTURE BUILDING

语言理解作为结构构建

• 批准号: 6320917
• 负责人: Morton Ann Gernsbacher
• 金额: $ 2万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1991
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1991-07-01 至 2003-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6320917
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; clinical research; cognition; comprehension; human subject; language development; memory; mental process; model design /development; neural information processing; psycholinguistics; psychological models

According to the Structure Building Framework, the goal of comprehension is to build coherent mental representations or structures. At least three component processes are involved. First comprehenders lay foundations for their mental structures. Next, comprehenders develop mental structure by mapping on new information when that information coheres or relates to previous information. However, when the incoming information is less coherent or related, comprehenders employ a different process: They shift and build a new substructure. Thus, most representations comprise several branching substructures. The building blocks of these mental structures are considered memory nodes. Memory nodes are activated by incoming stimuli. Initial activation forms the foundation of mental structures. Once a foundation is laid, subsequent information is often mapped on because the more coherent the incoming information is with the previous information, the more likely it is to activate the same or connected memory nodes. In addition, once memory nodes are activated, they transmit processing signals to enhance (increase) or suppress (decrease) other nodes' activation. So, once memory nodes are activated, two mechanisms control their level of activation: suppression and enhancement. Memory nodes are enhanced when the information they represent is necessary for further structure building; they are suppressed when the information is no longer as necessary. The goal of the continued funding period is to test further the assumptions and implications of the Structure Building Framework, using two methodological approaches: laboratory-based behavioral experiments and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral experiments will investigate further the cognitive process of laying a foundation by asking whether the "Advantage of First Mention" extends beyond accessibility to interpretation; the cognitive process of mapping will be investigated further by quantifying the demands of activating the knowledge that guides the mapping process; the cognitive process of shifting will be investigated further by identifying when comprehenders shift and attach new substructures; the cognitive mechanisms of suppression and enhancement will be investigated further by exploring whether two different constructions operate as cataphorical devices in English, and if so, whether the mechanisms of suppression and enhancement enable concepts marked by those cataphoric devices to gain a privileged status in comprehenders' mental structures. The fMRI experiments (block design and event-related) will extend the behavioral experiments by discovering a common neural circuitry underlying general comprehension (of three media), and by discovering how the general cognitive processes and mechanisms of laying a foundation, mapping, suppression, and enhancement are instantiated within the general neural circuit.

根据结构建筑框架， 理解是建立连贯的心理表征或结构。在… 至少涉及三个组件流程。第一批理解者躺在 为他们的精神结构奠定基础。接下来，理解者发展心智 通过在新信息上进行映射来构造 与以前的信息有关。然而，当传入的信息较少时 连贯的或相关的，理解者使用不同的过程：他们转移和 建立一个新的子结构。因此，大多数表示都包含多个分支 子结构。这些心理结构的构建块被认为是 内存节点。记忆节点被传入的刺激激活。首字母 激活构成了心理结构的基础。一旦一个基金会成为 铺设的、后续的信息通常被映射到上面，因为 收到的信息与之前的信息一起，就越有可能 激活相同或连接的内存节点。此外，一旦内存节点被 激活后，它们传递处理信号以增强(增加)或抑制 (减少)其他节点的激活。因此，一旦激活了内存节点，就会有两个 机制控制着它们的激活水平：抑制和增强。 内存节点在它们所代表的信息是必要的时得到增强 进一步的结构构建；当信息为无时，它们将被抑制 必要时延长。 持续供资期间的目标是进一步检验假设和 使用两种方法论的结构构建框架的含义 方法：基于实验室的行为实验和功能磁学 磁共振成像(FMRI)。行为实验将进一步调查 奠定基础的认知过程是通过询问是否有优势 首先提到的“从可获得性扩展到解释；认知 将通过量化以下方面的需求进一步研究测绘过程 激活引导映射过程的知识；认知过程 将通过确定理解者何时进行进一步调查 转移和依附新的子结构；抑制和抑制的认知机制 增强功能将通过探索两个不同的 构式在英语中是一种隐喻手段，如果是这样的话，是否 抑制和增强的机制使那些标记的概念 在理解者的心理中获得特权地位的隐喻手段 结构。功能磁共振实验(区块设计和事件相关)将扩展 通过发现潜在的共同神经回路的行为实验 对(三种媒体)的普遍理解，并通过发现一般的 奠定基础的认知过程和机制，映射， 抑制和增强在一般神经中被实例化 巡回赛。