Particles, Fields and Strings at Liverpool

随着希格斯玻色子在大型强子对撞机上的发现，粒子物理学的标准模型（SM）在电弱尺度上建立起来，并成功地描述了大量的实验数据。同样，标准宇宙学模型也是建立在观测数据的基础上的。然而，在我们对宇宙的理解中，仍然存在着深刻而深刻的谜团。暗物质（DM）的存在需要超越暗物质（BSM）的新物理学，而关于暗能量和引力与其他力的统一的关键问题仍未得到解决。与此同时，量子场论（QFT）背后的数学结构还远没有得到充分的探索；关于暗物质中的物质动力学，特别是在极端条件下，还有一些重要的悬而未决的问题。通过在三个互补的科学领域提出的研究，利物浦财团的投标正在解决这些基本问题。“弦现象学与宇宙学”根据实验数据，解决当代范式的许多缺点只能通过引力和规范相互作用的一致融合来获得。弦理论为探索规范和引力相互作用的统一提供了领先的数学框架，弦现象学是弦理论中连接弦理论和观测数据的领域。在“弦现象学和宇宙学”中提出的研究旨在弥合前沿理论进步与观测现实之间的差距。该研究将探索构成弦理论基础的基本对称性，旨在揭示接近量子引力尺度的宇宙演化，并为当代实验搜索提取弦真空的预测，包括对撞机、引力波实验和量子传感器搜索超轻粒子。“用于粒子物理的精密QFT”将利用他们在高阶摄动费曼图计算和精密现象学方面的专业知识来(i)通过构建尺度不变量子引力的a函数来提高我们对QFT的理解，（ii）执行尖端的4环和5环计算，（iii）匹配摄动和晶格重正化方案，（iv）将（g-2）和夸克味物理的SM预测提高到前所未有的精度。(v)使用有效的场论描述来搜索BSM物理，以及（vi）探索BSM场景，以解决SM的缺点和异常，并可能提供DM候选。拟议的研究将为这些努力提供关键的理论结果和工具。它将有助于开发和规划当前和未来在能源和精密前沿的实验，包括DM搜索。“晶格量子场论”将继续利用最先进的高性能计算机来解决有关强相互作用粒子的问题，例如：对被称为强子的夸克的内部结构和束缚态衰变的更精确计算；类等离子体介质的特性，这些介质是在宇宙诞生之初的极端温度和密度下形成的，现在在欧洲核子研究中心的原子核之间的高能碰撞中被重新创造出来；将希格斯玻色子解释为更多基本粒子的复合物的新理论；包含费米子和玻色子之间超对称的模型，可以帮助我们理解量子引力；奇异新材料电子特性的二维模型以及新量子算法的发展，以解决迄今为止无法解决的与致密、演化物质有关的问题。

With the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider, the Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics is established at the electroweak scale and successfully describes a plethora of experimental data. Similarly, the Standard Cosmological Model is grounded in observational data. Yet, deep and profound mysteries remain in our understanding of the Universe. The existence of Dark Matter (DM) necessitates new physics Beyond the SM (BSM), and crucial issues concerning dark energy and the unification of gravity with the other forces remain unaddressed. Meanwhile, the mathematical structures that underlie Quantum Field Theory (QFT) are far from fully explored; and there are important open questions about the dynamics of matter within the SM, especially in extreme conditions. With the research proposed in three complementary Science Areas, the Liverpool Consortium bid is addressing these fundamental problems.`String Phenomenology and Cosmology'In view of the experimental data, resolution of the many shortcomings of the contemporary paradigms can only be obtained by the consistent fusion of gravity and the gauge interactions. String theory provides the leading mathematical framework to explore the unification of the gauge and gravitational interactions, and string phenomenology is the area of string theory that links string theory and observational data. The research proposed in `String Phenomenology and Cosmology' aims at bridging the gap between theoretical advances at the forefront and observational reality. The proposed research will explore the basic symmetries that underlie string theory, aiming to unravel the cosmological evolution near the quantum gravity scale, as well as extract the predictions of string vacua for contemporary experimental searches, including collider, gravitational wave experiments and quantum sensor searches for ultra-light particles.`Precision QFT for Particle Physics'will use their expertise in higher-order perturbative Feynman diagram calculations and precision phenomenology to (i) improve our understanding of QFT by constructing the a-function for scale-invariant quantum gravity, (ii) perform cutting edge 4-loop and 5-loop computations, (iii) match perturbative and lattice renormalisation schemes, (iv) improve the SM predictions for (g-2) and quark flavour physics to unprecedented precision, (v) use effective field theory descriptions to search for BSM physics, and (vi) explore BSM scenarios which address the shortcomings and anomalies of the SM and possibly provide a DM candidate. The proposed research will provide crucial theoretical results and tools for these endeavours. It will contribute to the exploitation and planning of current and future experiments at the energy and precision frontier, including DM searches.`Lattice Quantum Field Theory'will continue to exploit state-of-the-art high performance computers to attack questions about strongly-interacting particles, examples being: ever-more precise calculations of the internal structure and decays of bound states of quarks known as hadrons; the properties of the plasma-like medium formed under the extreme temperatures and densities found at the very beginning of the Universe and now recreated in energetic collisions between atomic nuclei at CERN; new theories that explain the Higgs boson as a composite of still-more elementary particles; models incorporating a supersymmetry relating fermions to bosons which inform our understanding of quantum gravity; models in two dimensions underlying the electronic properties of exotic new materials; and the development of new quantum algorithms to tackle hitherto inaccessible questions relating to dense, evolving matter.