Novel Advanced Powered Air Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Concepts

新型先进动力空气净化呼吸器 (PAPR) 概念

基本信息

  • 批准号:
    1722275
  • 负责人:
  • 金额:
    --
  • 依托单位:
  • 依托单位国家:
    英国
  • 项目类别:
    Studentship
  • 财政年份:
    2016
  • 资助国家:
    英国
  • 起止时间:
    2016 至 无数据
  • 项目状态:
    已结题

项目摘要

Powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs) are devices used for protection against contaminated air. They typically contain a filter, centrifugal blower and a motor powered by a battery. Standard gas masks work on the principal of negative pressure, where the user must inhale through the filter in order to clean the air. For some cases the thickness of the required filter can be very large, creating a very large resistance to breathing. This causes discomfort for the user and can impair physical performance. The centrifugal blower in PAPRs is used to provide a positive pressure to the user and minimise the resistance caused by the filter by drawing air through it.Until recently, PAPRs have been developed to provide a constant flow of air to the user. The fixed airflow is based on average breathing rates and has limitations to the protection it can provide when the breathing demand from the user increases due to increased physical exertion. The constant airflow supply also has consequential detriments to the efficiency of some of the components in the device. Filters have a defined lifespan that is dependent on the concentration of the gas they are filtering and the volume of airflow through it. To maximise the lifespan of the filter it should first be recognised that it is only required for use on the user's inhalation. When the user exhales, all the additional air from their lungs and the, still running, centrifugal blower is dispersed through an exhaust valve in the mask. If the centrifugal blower were to only provide air to the user upon their inhalation, the lifespan of the filter could be increased. The control of these PAPRs have been categorised as breath-responsive and the literature published for the development of these is minimal.It is recognised in this project that small changes to individual components in a PAPR can create large changes in performance, making the development of a controller difficult. It is also recognised that creating a controller for an individual case would be limited, as developments to optimise components would make it subpar. This project aims to create a form of controller that could account for individual developments in the PAPR components, making the design of the system modular. By doing this, the controller should also be able to alter depending on changes to the system. For example, by changing the: thickness of the filter; shape of the mask; centrifugal blower; motor.To achieve an adaptive controller, this project uses system identification. This process includes a thorough investigation into the performance of the system in order to define a dynamic model to describe the relationship between an input voltage to the motor and the output pressure of the blower. The system has been analysed in the frequency domain to assess the severity of any nonlinear effects in the bandwidth of interest and models in the time domain have been developed that provide a good fit to describe this dynamic behaviour. The challenge with this is to test the model with a variety of filter thicknesses and centrifugal blowers. If a single model can show consistently stable convergence and its performance is good, then it may be generic enough for a controller aimed towards modular design. It can then be developed for use in an adaptive controller, with the intention of making the controller capable of being identified online. Before this is achieved, though, the derived model can be used offline to develop simple PI controllers and test the effectiveness of the identification procedure.
电动空气净化器(PAPR)是用于保护空气免受污染的设备。它们通常包含一个过滤器,离心鼓风机和一个由电池供电的电机。标准防毒面具的工作原理是负压,使用者必须通过过滤器吸气以清洁空气。在某些情况下,所需过滤器的厚度可能非常大,从而对呼吸产生非常大的阻力。这会导致使用者不适,并可能损害身体机能。PAPR中的离心式鼓风机用于为用户提供正压,并通过抽吸空气使过滤器引起的阻力最小化。直到最近,PAPR才被开发出来为用户提供恒定的空气流。固定气流基于平均呼吸速率,并且当来自用户的呼吸需求由于增加的体力消耗而增加时,固定气流对其可以提供的保护具有限制。恒定的气流供应还对装置中的一些部件的效率具有相应的影响。过滤器的使用寿命取决于过滤气体的浓度和通过过滤器的空气流量。为了最大限度地延长过滤器的使用寿命,首先应该认识到,它只需要用于用户的吸入。当使用者呼气时,来自肺部和仍在运行的离心鼓风机的所有额外空气通过面罩中的排气阀分散。如果离心式鼓风机仅在用户吸入时向用户提供空气,则过滤器的寿命可以增加。这些PAPR的控制已被归类为呼吸响应,并且为开发这些PAPR而发表的文献很少。在本项目中,人们认识到PAPR中单个组件的微小变化可能会导致性能发生较大变化,从而使控制器的开发变得困难。人们还认识到,为单个案例创建控制器将受到限制,因为优化组件的开发将使其低于标准。该项目旨在创建一种形式的控制器,可以考虑在PAPR组件的个人发展,使系统的设计模块化。通过这样做,控制器也应该能够根据系统的变化而改变。例如,通过改变:过滤器的厚度;口罩的形状;离心风机;电机。为了实现自适应控制器,本项目使用系统辨识。该过程包括对系统性能的彻底调查,以便定义动态模型来描述电动机的输入电压与鼓风机的输出压力之间的关系。该系统已在频域中进行了分析,以评估任何非线性效应的严重程度在感兴趣的带宽和模型在时域中已经开发,提供了一个很好的适合描述这种动态行为。这方面的挑战是使用各种过滤器厚度和离心鼓风机测试模型。如果一个单一的模型可以表现出一致的稳定收敛,其性能是好的,那么它可能是通用的控制器,旨在模块化设计。然后,它可以被开发用于自适应控制器中,目的是使控制器能够在线识别。在此之前,虽然,派生的模型可以离线使用开发简单的PI控制器和测试的识别过程的有效性。

项目成果

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其他文献

吉治仁志 他: "トランスジェニックマウスによるTIMP-1の線維化促進機序"最新医学. 55. 1781-1787 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等:“转基因小鼠中 TIMP-1 的促纤维化机制”现代医学 55. 1781-1787 (2000)。
  • DOI:
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    0
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LiDAR Implementations for Autonomous Vehicle Applications
  • DOI:
  • 发表时间:
    2021
  • 期刊:
  • 影响因子:
    0
  • 作者:
  • 通讯作者:
生命分子工学・海洋生命工学研究室
生物分子工程/海洋生物技术实验室
  • DOI:
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吉治仁志 他: "イラスト医学&サイエンスシリーズ血管の分子医学"羊土社(渋谷正史編). 125 (2000)
Hitoshi Yoshiji 等人:“血管医学与科学系列分子医学图解”Yodosha(涉谷正志编辑)125(2000)。
  • DOI:
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Effect of manidipine hydrochloride,a calcium antagonist,on isoproterenol-induced left ventricular hypertrophy: "Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,K.,Teragaki,M.,Iwao,H.and Yoshikawa,J." Jpn Circ J. 62(1). 47-52 (1998)
钙拮抗剂盐酸马尼地平对异丙肾上腺素引起的左心室肥厚的影响:“Yoshiyama,M.,Takeuchi,K.,Kim,S.,Hanatani,A.,Omura,T.,Toda,I.,Akioka,
  • DOI:
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