Beam Theory and Finite Element Approaches to Modelling the Stresses in the Second Metatarsal During Running

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The proposed doctoral project will investigate the influence of footwear, foot strike pattern and stride cadence on in vivo second metatarsal strain during running. This project will use a multidisciplinary approach, integrating biomechanical and engineering procedures to develop a dynamic 3D model of the second metatarsal, using non-invasive techniques.Metatarsal strain is associated with stress fracture development, with strain known to increase during weight-bearing physical activity. Metatarsal stress fractures are a burdensome injury in both athletic and military populations, with the second metatarsal being one of the most commonly fractured bones. This injury is associated with considerable financial cost as a result of the expensive magnetic resonance imaging procedures required for diagnosis, and the lengthy recovery time. Due to the difficulties in assessing bone strain, it is presently unclear what influence variables such as footwear, foot strike pattern and running cadence have on metatarsal strain. Therefore it remains unknown which factors can be manipulated effectively to reduce strain in the metatarsals during running.The aim of this project is threefold:1) To develop a 3D model of the second metatarsal using finite element analysis techniques, allowing estimates of axial and bending strain during running.2) To assess the influence of modifiable variables, including footwear, foot strike pattern, and running cadence on metatarsal strain.3)To identify which combination(s) of footwear, foot strike and running cadence results in the lowest metatarsal strain during running.In order to achieve these aims, biomechanical data will be collected during running, and magnetic resonance images of the foot will be obtained. A 3D model of the second metatarsal will be created using this information, and finite element analyses will determine stress and strain along the bone during running. Biomechanical data will then be collected during running trials in which footwear, foot strike pattern and running cadence have been manipulated.