How can cocoa smallholders adapt and become more resilient to climate shocks?

可可小农如何适应并增强对气候冲击的抵御能力？

• 批准号: 1789452
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-1789452
• 关键词: How; cocoa; smallholders; adapt; become

Background and research motivationThe economic history of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) supply is bound to its colonial origins (Takane, 2000, 2002; Hill, 1956, 1963) and to resource exploitation (Kotey et al., 1974; Okali, 1983; Oswald & Leonard, 1995). Despite the huge disparities along the value chain - from farm-gate prices to roasted, cracked beans in European processing plants - cocoa remains a major cash crop for many agrarian communities. The crop has contributed to major infrastructural development, and moreover provides mass employment (Malan, 2013). However, climate change threatens to undo decades of economic development and poverty alleviation (Fischer etal., 2002; O'Brien & O'Keefe, 2006; Raworth, 2007). Climate change impacts temperature, humidity, precipitation, soil quality, and agricultural pests - all to the direct detriment of the very fragile cocoa crop (Oluyole etal., 2013).The impacts of erratic rainfall and climate shocks - such as El Niño or La Niña events- are particular pronounced across the tropics, with sub-Saharan Africa being the most vulnerable region both meteorologically and in terms of lower economic development (Ahmed et al., 2009; Barrios et al., 2010; Bruckner & Ciccone, 2011). In this region, poor smallholder farmers struggle most.It is remarkable that justtwo tropical sub-Saharan African countries, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, contribute 59% of the global cocoa supply (Hutz-Adams & Fountain, 2012). When either of these countries is faced with a crisis, world supplies plummet, and the livelihoods of vast swathes of vulnerable populations - particularly the agrarian poor - are shattered.1 Such a crisis has hit Ivorian and Ghanaian cocoa farmers recently; they continue to struggle to adapt to the impacts the 2015 El Niño has had on their fields and harvests.It is also worth noting that almost 90% of the world's cocoa originates from hundreds of thousands of smallholders, each farming less than 5 hectares of land (de Lattre-Gasquet et al., 1998; Hutz-Adams & Fountain, 2012; Malan, 2013). These small-scale cocoa farmers struggle to find ways to increase their incomes and improve their livelihoods. Such cocoa producers who are already confronted with rural poverty are acutely vulnerable to climate-related shocks requiring resilient adaptation strategies.

可可（Theobroma cacao）供应的经济历史与其殖民起源（Takane，2000，2002; Hill，1956，1963）和资源开发（Kotey等人，1974; Okali，1983; Oswald &伦纳德，1995）。尽管价值链上存在巨大的沿着-从农场交货价格到欧洲加工厂的烘烤、破碎可可豆-但可可仍然是许多农业社区的主要经济作物。该作物为重大基础设施发展做出了贡献，此外还提供了大量就业机会（马兰，2013年）。然而，气候变化有可能使几十年的经济发展和减贫工作前功尽弃（Fischer埃塔尔，2002;奥布莱恩&奥基夫，2006;拉沃斯，2007）。气候变化影响温度、湿度、降水、土壤质量和农业害虫--所有这些都直接损害非常脆弱的可可作物（Oluyole埃塔尔，2013).降雨量不稳定和气候冲击（例如厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜事件）的影响在热带地区尤其明显，撒哈拉以南非洲是气象和经济发展水平较低的最脆弱地区（Ahmed等人）。，2009; Barrios等人，2010; Bruckner & Ciccone，2011）。在这一地区，贫困的小农最为艰难。令人瞩目的是，仅仅两个热带撒哈拉以南非洲国家，科特迪瓦和加纳，就贡献了全球可可供应量的59%（Hutz-Adams & Fountain，2012）。当这两个国家中的任何一个面临危机时，世界供应量就会急剧下降，大批弱势人口-特别是农业穷人-的生计就会受到破坏。他们继续努力适应2015年厄尔尼诺对他们的田地和收成的影响。值得注意的是，世界上的可可来自成千上万的小农，每个人耕种不到5公顷的土地（de Lattre-Gasquet et al.，1998; Hutz-Adams & Fountain，2012; Malan，2013）。这些小规模的可可种植者努力寻找增加收入和改善生计的方法。这些可可生产者已经面临农村贫困，极易受到与气候有关的冲击的影响，需要采取有复原力的适应战略。