Cellular social networks of organelles

植物细胞内的生物能细胞器具有高度的运动性，它们相互作用并形成复杂的网络。揭示这种行为发生的原因不仅是一个重要而有趣的基本问题，而且通过理解为什么植物投入如此多的能量来维持这种动态环境，我们可以开始监测并潜在地提高作物植物的效率。细胞器携带来自内共生起源的DNA，但只保留了部分基因组信息；控制这种留存率的功能引起了激烈的争论。这些细胞器的遗传学和动力学是密切相关的，因为“亲跑”事件允许DNA在线粒体之间的潜在转移。回答细胞器的物理和遗传动力学之间的关系的问题在细胞质雄性不育细胞的生产中也很重要，因为这种遗传控制的扰动允许有效的杂交生产，这在农业和喂养不断增长的人口中至关重要。利用mitoGFP荧光、MitoTracker染色和ParticleTracker软件，我们可以分析这些线粒体和叶绿体的网络连通性，并量化野生型细胞和结构和基因突变体的行为特征。可以使用TMRM等染料测量细胞的能量景观，揭示线粒体的个体状态，使我们理解为什么当膜电位变化时，某些线粒体会移动到某些细胞区域。我们还将研究C4植物中细胞器动力学的差异，将这些网络与C3植物进行比较，最终目的是将这些特征综合到C3植物中，以提高作物植物效率。如果生物能量细胞器的动态可以被量化，那么就可以绘制出作物细胞器动力学操作的地图，从而实现粮食安全解决方案，同时也可以对这些快速移动且迷人的细胞器获得基本的了解。

Bioenergetic organelles within plant cells are highly motile, interacting with each other and forming complex networks. Uncovering why this behaviour occurs is not only an important and interesting fundamental question, but by understanding why plants invest so much energy into maintaining this dynamic environment, we can begin to monitor and potentially increase the efficiency of crop plants. Organelles carry their own DNA from their endosymbiotic origins, but have retained only some of this genomic information; the feature governing this retention are hotly debated. The genetics and dynamics of these organelles are closely related, as "kiss-and-run" events allow the potential transfer of DNA between mitochondria. Answering questions on relationships between physical and genetic dynamics of organelles is also important in the production of cells with cytoplasmic male sterility, as perturbations in this genetic control allow the efficient production of hybrids, vital in agriculture and feeding growing populations. Using mitoGFP fluorescence, MitoTracker stains, and ParticleTracker software we can analyse the network connectivity of these mitochondria and chloroplasts, and quantify behavioural traits, in wild type cells and structural and genetic mutants. The energy landscape of the cell can be measured using dyes such as TMRM, revealing the individual state of mitochondria, leading us to understand why certain mitochondria move to certain cellular regions when membrane potential varies. We will also look at the differences in organelle dynamics within C4 plants, comparing these networks to C3 plants with the eventual aim of synthetically bringing these characteristics into C3 plants to increase crop plant efficiency. If the dynamics of bioenergetic organelles can be quantified, a map for the manipulation of organelle dynamics in crop plants may be created, reaching towards food security solutions, while also gaining fundamental understanding of these rapidly moving, and fascinating organelles.