Effects of cigarette smoke on fetal and infant development

怀孕期间吸烟会对出生后的发育造成不利影响，这是一个主要问题，只有47%的女性在怀孕期间成功戒烟。尽管众所周知，怀孕期间吸烟会导致一系列有害的发育后果，包括学习困难、注意力问题和肺部发育不良。直接研究产前吸烟对行为的影响以及产后吸烟对行为的影响的研究从未进行过测试。所有婴儿将在出生后2个月用贝利婴儿发育量表测试运动和社会情感行为。之前的研究使用这些量表来评估婴儿1个月大时的发育情况。将评估婴儿在出生前和出生后接触尼古丁的控制和非接触尼古丁的婴儿之间的差异。将评估香烟接触水平与婴儿运动表现以及社会情绪表现之间的关系，并与未接触香烟的婴儿进行比较。混合模型方差分析将使用母亲压力、抑郁和焦虑作为协变量来评估组间差异。-研究1：暴露于香烟烟雾对妊娠32和36周胎儿运动的影响。-研究2：父母了解胎儿和婴儿的运动与吸烟的关系。-研究3：产前接触尼古丁对婴儿发育（运动和社会情绪）的产后影响。-研究4：胎儿和婴儿运动与尼古丁暴露控制母亲压力、抑郁和焦虑之间的纵向关系。

Smoking during pregnancy, causes detrimental developmental outcomes post-birth, which is of major concern with only 47% of women successfully quitting during pregnancy. Although it is known that smoking in pregnancy is the cause of a range ofdetrimental developmental outcomes, including learning difficulties, attentional problems and poor lung development.Research directly examining prenatal effects of smoking on behaviour and following up these same behaviours postnatallyhas never been tested. All infants will be tested with the Bayley-Scales-of-Infant-Development at 2 months post-birth onmotor and socio-emotional behaviours. Previous research has used these scales designed to assess development from 1months of age. Differences between infants exposed to nicotine pre-birth controlling for post-birth exposure and non exposedinfants will be assessed. Association between levels of cigarette smoke exposure will be assessed in relation to infant motor performance as well as, socio-emotional performance and compared to non-exposed infants. Mixed model ANOVAs will assess differences between groups using maternal stress, depression and anxiety as covariates.- Study 1: Effects of exposure to cigarette smoke on fetal movement at 32 and 36 weeks gestation.- Study 2: Parental understanding of fetal and infant movement in relation to smoke exposure.- Study 3: Postnatal effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine on infant development (motor and socio-emotion).- Study 4: Longitudinal relationship between fetal and infant movement in relation to exposure to nicotine controlling for maternal stress, depression and anxiety.