Local Order in Conflict: The impact of armed group and state interactions during infrastructure implementation in Colombia

对冲突后安全、犯罪学或关键的冲突后建设和平的研究往往以截然不同的方式接近犯罪、冲突和发展行动者的作用。通过审查哥伦比亚边缘地区涉及的制度和行为者，以及全球发展建设和平努力与犯罪活动和犯罪团体之间的关系，本提案为全球对犯罪和非国家行为者如何谈判冲突后空间的影响提供了一个批判性的视角。一段时间以来，冲突行为者、犯罪网络和建设和平的发展之间的纠缠一直是学术界感兴趣的主题。然而，尽管有许多关于冲突行为者或犯罪如何对安全和长期建设和平努力产生负面影响的研究，但很少有研究试图了解这些行为者和网络如何反过来受到冲突后发展的国家和全球力量的影响。该提案旨在采用多学科方法，从安全研究、犯罪学和关键的建设和平理论中汲取经验，考虑塑造冲突后空间的多个过程如何对长期和平的可能性产生独特而相互关联的影响。特别是，它通过研究哥伦比亚冲突后环境的多个重叠空间，考虑各种非国家暴力行为者、国家行为者、公民社会和全球行为者如何相互作用并影响建设和平的发展。为了扩大国家在以前被边缘化地区的影响力，哥伦比亚总统桑托斯推出了ZIDRES法，旨在使那些缺乏发展、基础设施或国家影响力的地区对国际和大规模农业工业用地开发更具吸引力。这种改革以及这些新行为者的引入和发展可能会对非国家暴力行为者的权力动态产生重大影响，包括遣散的哥伦比亚武装革命力量（FARC）游击队，继续存在的ELN（民族解放军）游击战士，以及各种犯罪团伙（Bacrim）和准军事组织仍然在这些边缘化地区活动。因此，本文提出了三个研究问题：1。如何在哥伦比亚冲突后以发展为目标的边缘空间谈判安全动态？非国家暴力行为体如何理解和占据边缘空间对发展可能性的影响是什么？这一发展与建设和平有何联系？在非国家暴力行为体和犯罪网络仍占主导地位的冲突后地区，全球发展行为体的影响是什么？它们如何影响长期和平的前景？研究设计/理论导向为了解决这一理论差距，本提案认为，冲突后环境中的犯罪和暴力非国家行为体如何影响安全和建设和平的问题，应与从冲突过渡的各种进程（包括发展）如何影响犯罪活动的出现的问题相平衡。冲突后的环境不仅仅是冲突的直接延续，而是引入新的参与者，并引入可能加强现有参与者的新系统或过程。国际社会和行动者越来越仔细地观察和干预冲突的后果，他们的和平路线图已经预先包装好了政府和经济发展的具体方法（Richmond and MacGinty 2007）。

Studies of post-conflict security, criminology, or critical post-conflict peacebuilding have often approached the role of criminal, conflict, and development actors in radically different ways. By examining the systems and actors involved in marginalized regions in Colombia and the relationship between global development-as-peacebuilding efforts and criminal activities and groups, this proposal offers a critical perspective on the influence of the global on how criminal and non-state actors negotiate post-conflict spaces.Research AimsThe entanglement of conflict actors, criminal networks, and peacebuilding development has beena subject of interest for the academic world for some time now. However, while there have beennumerous studies on how conflict actors or crime have negative ramifications on security andlong-term peacebuilding efforts, few studies have attempted to understand how these actors andnetworks may be in turn shaped by the national and global forces of post-conflict development.This proposal aims for a multidisciplinary approach that draws from security studies, criminologyand critical peacebuilding theories to consider how the multiple processes involved in shapingpost-conflict spaces have a unique and interconnected effect on the possibility of long-term peace.In particular, it does so by studying the multiple overlapping spaces of the post-conflictenvironment in Colombia, considering how the various non-state violent actors, state-actors, civilsociety, and global actors all interplay and affect the development of peacebuilding.In order to expand state presence in previously marginalized areas, Colombia's President Santoshas introduced the ZIDRES law aimed at making areas with little development, infrastructure, orstate presence more tempting for international and large scale agro-industrial land development.This reform and the introduction of these new actors and developments could have significantrepercussions in the power dynamics of non-state violent actors, including demobilized FARC(Armed Revolutionary Forces of Colombia) guerrillas, the continued presence of ELN (NationalLiberation Army) guerrilla combatants, and the various criminal bands (Bacrim) and paramilitarygroups still operating in these marginalized areas. This proposal therefore offers three researchquestions:1. How are security dynamics negotiated in post-conflict marginal spaces in Colombia thatare targeted for development?2. What is the impact of how non-state violent actors understand and occupy marginalspaces on the possibility of development? How is this development linked topeacebuilding?3. What is the impact of global development actors in post-conflict areas still dominated bynon-state violent actors and criminal networks and how do they affect prospects for longtermpeace?Study design/Theoretical orientationIn order to address this theoretical gap, this proposal argues that the question of how criminal andviolent non-state actors in the post-conflict environment can impact security and peacebuildingshould be balanced with the question of how do the various processes of transitioning fromconflict, including development, influence the emergence of criminal activity. The post-conflictenvironment is not simply a direct continuation of conflict, but rather pulls in new actors, andintroduces new systems or processes that might strengthen existing actors. Increasingly, theaftermath of conflict is carefully observed and intervened in by international communities andactors, whose roadmaps for peace come pre-packaged with specific approaches to governmentand economic development (Richmond and MacGinty 2007).