How 'Fair' is Self-Published Fanfiction? A Mixed Methods Law & Economics Study

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This research aims to evaluate whether the fair dealing/fair use exceptions for copyright infringement can be used to cover fanfiction works. These exceptions (s29-30 Copyright Designs & Patents Act (CDPA) 1988/s107 US Copyright Act (USCA) 1976) ensure that copyright works deemed to be infringing but that have a 'fair' reason behind them can be published, and allow for social consideration regarding whether the copying was 'fair' to be argued before the court. Fanfiction is created by fans of the underlying work, who rewrite stories using characters and locations from other media works such as TV shows, books or films. It is not a new type of work, but due to the operation of the Internet it has increased in popularity and can be published on websites such as Fanfiction.Net and read all over the world. Previously it has been published for free online meaning most copyright owners have decided not to pursue infringement cases, however there is an increasing number of fanfiction works such as Fifty Shades of Grey that start as fanfiction before being pulled offline, slightly altered to remove direct copyright infringement and published for profit. This work will focus on the economic effect of fanfiction on the current and back catalogue of works of the original author, in order to prove whether there is a need for a protective IP right such as copyright to apply, and if so whether fanfiction infringes copyright in the underlying work as has been presumed thus far, and also whether there is a measurable effect on the demand for future works by the same author. If the effect on future demand is more noticeable, it could be argued that the protection should be provided instead by the more commercial trade mark law. There must be a congruent analysis into both the effects of other forms of self-published fiction and ebooks, in order to prove that the results found are not due to the self-published nature of the works or their electronic nature. This will be mixed methods research incorporating doctrinal, empirical and quantitative methods in order to thoroughly test my hypothesis that fanfiction should be held to come within a fair dealing exception. This research will undertake empirical research in order to investigate the awareness of users of both fanfiction and the copyright law exceptions that may apply. This will enable me to argue whether, if fanfiction is covered by fair dealing at present, it may also need a specific exception to cover it in order to clarify any misconceptions and information failures that may act as barriers to entry onto the market. Summary of Research Aims:To examine the effectiveness of the fair dealing copyright exception in the digital single market; To consider, in particular, the effect of fanfiction on the market for fiction;To analyse the amount of fanfiction online in comparison to standard and self-published fiction; To explore the reasons people create and consume fanfiction online and whether licensing would be an effective method of regulating this; To understand the responses of readers, authors and publishers to fanfiction;To develop recommendations for effective copyright protection of transformative works of fiction.BibliographyInterlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc [1989] AC 217 University of London Press v University Tutorial Press Ltd [1916] 2 Ch 601Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society US Copyright Act 1976