The Impact of Spatial Clustering on the Labour Productivity of the UK Tourism and Hospitality Industry

本研究旨在考察技术与技术企业的空间集聚对英国技术与技术产业劳动生产率的影响，特别是集聚经济对空间单元内部(直接效应，考虑空间反馈效应)和空间单元间(间接空间溢出效应)的影响。利用英国国家统计局未被充分利用的微观数据集，利用空间面板模型考察了空间集聚和集聚经济(劳动力市场汇集和知识溢出)对地方当局区(LAD)内和地方当局区之间T&H劳动生产率的影响。基于2006年至2016年期间英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士的373个LAD，估计了固定效应的空间Durbin面板模型。研究结果表明，T&H公司集群度的增加对T&H公司在法援队内部以及从邻近法援队和后方的劳动生产率产生了负面影响。劳动力市场汇集变量对熟练劳动力的汇集显示出积极的影响，但就高技能工作的份额而言，对生产率的影响是负面的。知识溢出对T&H企业的劳动生产率的影响并不显著，但当考虑其空间溢出效应时，两者是互补的，这表明人力资本外部性及其跨地域溢出效应的重要性。此外，集聚经济对区域内和区域间T&H公司劳动生产率的长期影响明显大于短期影响，这表明需要从长远的角度来看待空间集聚和集聚经济如何影响邻近区域内和区域之间的T&H劳动生产率。利用地理加权回归模型，空间集聚和集聚经济与T&H劳动生产率之间的关系在每个地区内都存在显著的空间差异，但对邻近地区的溢出效应也存在显著差异。

This research aims to investigate the impact of spatial clustering of T&H firms on the labour productivity of the UK T&H industry, specifically on the implications of agglomeration economies for labour productivity both within (direct effects, accounting for spatial feedback effects) and between (indirect spatial spillover effects) spatial units. Employing under-exploited micro-level datasets from the UK Office for National Statistics, the impact of spatial clustering and agglomeration economies (labour market pooling and knowledge spillovers) on T&H labour productivity within and between local authority districts (LADs) was examined using spatial panel modelling. Based on 373 LADs across England, Scotland and Wales and for the period 2006-2016, the fixed-effect spatial Durbin panel model was estimated. Findings concluded that the increase in the degree of clustering of T&H firms has had negative effects on labour productivity of T&H firms within the LADs but also across, and from, neighbouring LADs and back. Labour market pooling variables have shown positive effects regarding the pool of skilled labour but the effects on productivity were negative in terms of the share in high-skilled jobs. Knowledge spillover effects on labour productivity of T&H firms within a LAD were insignificant, but when considering its spatial spillover effects, they were complementary, suggesting the importance of human capital externalities and their spillover effects across geographical boundaries. Moreover, the long-run effects of agglomeration economies were significantly greater than the short-run effects on the labour productivity of T&H firms within and between LADs, suggesting the need to take a long-run perspective on how spatial clustering and agglomeration economies affect T&H labour productivity within and between neighbouring regions. Using geographically weighted regression modelling, significant spatial variations in the relationship between spatial clustering and agglomeration economies and T&H labour productivity were identified within each LAD but also spillover effects across the neighbouring districts.