The Socio-Legal Construction of Organised Crime in Romania

考虑到目前全球政策和严重威胁（如恐怖主义和有组织犯罪）警务国际化的趋势，有必要仔细分析跨国政策的好处和陷阱。拟议的项目将探讨后共产主义罗马尼亚如何建立奥委会，以及当前的反奥委会战略是否成功地维持了国家的稳定。考虑到目前欧盟的角色及其政策受到质疑的背景，该项目可以帮助了解罗马尼亚OC和腐败如何威胁罗马尼亚的稳定，进而威胁到欧盟的稳定。罗马尼亚过去的共产主义历史和现在的欧盟成员国身份，可以使分析超越美国启发的构建和打击共产主义的模式，考虑共产主义如何在罗马尼亚以具体的、当地的方式发挥作用。该项目将解决以下问题：西方OC政策在多大程度上被转移到罗马尼亚，这些政策如何影响其活动，以及罗马尼亚目前的反OC政策是否被认为是有效的。我将对罗马尼亚参与反刑事司法执法的刑事司法机构进行人种志研究，对刑事司法专家进行定性访谈，并对罗马尼亚刑事司法立法进行分析，以便绘制罗马尼亚刑事司法的社会法律建设图表，并讨论刑事司法政策转移的更广泛影响。为了回答这些问题，我打算对罗马尼亚参与反oc警务的CJ机构进行深入的民族志研究，如警察调查小组、反oc小组、边境警察小组和特别干预小组，我已经获得了正式的许可和访问（可根据要求提供批注信）。这些丰富的人种学数据将使我能够分析罗马尼亚如何实际实施OC控制策略（RO2）。我还将通过分析法团立法、法律文件和立法举措来研究罗马尼亚法团的社会法律建设，以便绘制罗马尼亚法律如何演变的图表。我还将调查由国家反腐败局起诉的腐败和法团案件。这些数据将帮助我评估罗马尼亚是如何构建OC的，以及罗马尼亚在多大程度上采用了西方的OC范式（RO1）。此外，我将对罗马尼亚执法人员（现在活跃或在共产主义时期活跃）、反腐败人员、情报官员、法律从业人员、学术研究人员和其他专家进行半结构化访谈。我还希望与来自区域机构的代表进行面谈，如东南欧执法中心，并利用与各欧洲机构（如欧洲刑警组织、欧洲司法系统、法律援助办、欧洲预防犯罪网等）的部门联系。这将帮助我揭示不同的CJ演员和专家（RO3）是如何看待OC的。2017年10月- 2018年6月现有文献分析；书面文献综述（Essex） 2017年10月- 2019年7月立法和官方文件分析/RO1 (Essex) 2017年10月- 2019年7月法庭材料分析/RO1 (Essex) 2018年9月- 2019年7月民族志/RO2（罗马尼亚）2018年9月- 2019年7月质量访谈和转录/RO3（罗马尼亚）2019年8月- 2020年9月调查结果分析；结论;期末论文写作（Essex）

Considering current trends towards global policy and internationalisation of policing serious threats such as terrorism and organised crime (OC), there is need for careful analysis of the benefits and pitfalls of transnational policy. The proposed project will explore how OC was constructed in post-communist Romania and whether current anti-OC strategies are successful in maintaining the stability of the country. Considering the present context in which the role of the EU and its policies are being questioned, this project could help understand how Romanian OC and corruption threaten the stability of Romania and, by extension, that of the EU. Romania's communist past and current EU membership could enable an analysis that goes beyond the US-inspired models of constructing and combating OC, by considering how OC plays out in specific, local ways within Romania. The project will address questions about the extent to which western OC policies were transferred to Romania, how they influenced its activity, and whether current Romanian anti-OC policies are perceived to be effective. I will conduct an ethnography of criminal justice (CJ) agencies involved in anti-OC policing in Romania, qualitative interviews with CJ experts and an analysis of Romanian OC legislation, in order to chart the sociolegal construction of OC in Romania and to discuss the broader effects of CJ policy transference.Research methodsTo answer these questions, I intend to conduct an intensive ethnographic study of CJ agencies involved in anti-OC policing in Romania, such as police investigation teams, anti-OC squads, border police teams, and special intervention teams, for which I have already been granted formal permission and access (endorsement letters available upon request). This rich ethnographic data will enable me to analyse how OC control strategies are actually implemented (RO2) in Romania. I will also examine the socio-legal construction of OC in Romania by analysing OC legislation, legal documents and legislation initiatives in order to chart how the law evolved in Romania. I will also look into cases of corruption and OC prosecuted by the National Anti-Corruption Directorate. This data will help me assess how OC was constructed in Romania and to what degree the country adopted the western paradigm of OC (RO1). Additionally, I will conduct semi-structured interviews with Romanian law-enforcement agents (active now or during the communist period), anti-corruption agents, intelligence officers, legal practitioners, academic researchers and other experts. I also hope to conduct interviews with representatives from regional institutions, like the Southeast European Law Enforcement Center, and to take advantage of departmental links with various European institutions (like EUROPOL, EUROJUST, OLAF, the European Crime Prevention Network and others). This will help me uncover how OC is perceived by various CJ actors and experts (RO3). Proposed scheduleOct 2017-June 2018 Analysis of existing literature; write-up literature review (Essex)Oct 2017-July 2019 Analysis of legislation and official documents/RO1 (Essex)Oct 2017-July 2019 Analysis of court materials/RO1 (Essex)Sept 2018-July 2019 Ethnography/RO2 (Romania)Sept 2018-July 2019 Qual. interviews and transcription/RO3 (Romania)Aug 2019-Sept 2020 Analysis of findings; conclusions; write-up of final thesis (Essex)