Quantum randomness from multi-pixel optical detection

点击翻译按钮获取中文摘要

Random numbers have many uses in science, statistics, cryptography, gaming, and otherfields. Quantum random number generators are developed with certified randomness.Randomness in this thesis is characterized by the unpredictability of outcomes. Bellinequality violation, min-entropy bound, and entropy estimation are the three methods forrandomness certification. Different methods of implementing quantum random numbergenerators are introduced and compared with their scheme and challenges.Two-mode certification is discussed with separable two-mode input and two detectorsat the output of a beam splitter, where Fock state input achieves the maximum optimalguessing probability. The binomial distribution model is employed to describe the twomodeoutcomes and a guessing probability confidence interval is obtained.Multi-pixel certification is introduced with spatial transformation. The guessing probabilityfor joint pixel detection number is calculated. The optimum beam radius for aGaussian illumination is 0:56 times of the detector size. Multiple trials with the sametotal photon number are discussed with both Gaussian illumination and uniform illumination.A Gaussian illumination is more convenient and economic for building theRNG.A CMOS detector from a Samsung Galaxy S7 phone is used in the experiment toverify both two-mode certification and multi-pixel certification. The optimal guessingprobability and min-entropy are calculated with two-mode certification and 81200-pixelcertification. The min-entropy is estimated with experimental measurements. A minentropyof around 300 000 bits can be reached with 81200 pixels and it will be largerwith 12 million pixels on CMOS.