Measuring the progress towards transforming the global energy system (using / building from the Pacala and Socolow wedges approach

本论文建议通过能源系统分析和科学交流相结合的方法来评估排放的负面趋势和途径的进展以及扩大规模的实际问题。首先，它将量化全球能源体系在脱碳电力、交通、热能和工业方面的“转变程度”。它不仅将像大多数报告中那样考虑直接的碳减排(即可再生能源发电的太瓦时；运输的每公里客运碳排放量)；而且还将考虑转型的“推动因素”，例如电力系统的灵活性程度、电动汽车充电站的密度、低碳供暖与传统供暖之间的成本差距。其次，它将创建一种透明的方法，将迄今的进展转化为“楔形”单位，以便能够以一种简单但有意义的方式向能源专家以外的受众展示国家和全球进展。第三，它将把这种方法应用到一系列著名的未来脱碳情景中；探索有助于探索全球经济脱碳观点的共识或异议水平所需的楔形结构的数量和组合，以及不可行的夹点。

This thesis proposes to evaluate the progression of negative trends in emissions and pathways and practical questions of scale-up through a combination of energy systems analysis and science communication. Firstly, it will quantify 'how transformed' the global energy system is, in terms of decarbonised power, transport, heat and industry. It will consider not just the direct carbon mitigation, as in most reports (i.e. TWh of generation from renewables; carbon emissions per passenger-km for transport); but also the 'enablers' of transformation, such asthe degree of power systems flexibility, density of electric vehicle charging points, cost gap between low-carbon and conventional heating. Secondly, it will create a transparentmethodology for translating the progress to date into the unit of 'wedges', so that national and global progress can be presented in a simple yet meaningful way to audiences beyond energy experts. Thirdly, it will apply the methodology to a selection of renowned scenarios for future decarbonisation; exploring the number and mix of wedges needed to help explore the level of consensus or dissent in views to decarbonise the global economy, and pinch-points where things are infeasible.