Retrofitting space heating systems for historic churches: meeting the needs of conservation, community and environmental sustainability

传统建筑，特别是那些传统上被视为与特定用途有关的建筑--如历史悠久的教堂(&gt；150年历史)--近年来面临着巨大的挑战，在满足日益苛刻的“生活质量”标准的同时，它们被用来扩大和举办社区内的社交活动。在此背景下，英格兰国教拥有超过15,000座教堂。在这些建筑中，78%被列入名单(占英格兰一级建筑名单的45%)，其中超过一半的建筑积极举办某种形式的社区活动。历史悠久的教堂中现代活动的环境热要求往往与这些建筑的原始性质、历史内涵、建筑材料以及满足用户舒适度的要求相冲突，同时呈现并与可持续社会的概念保持一致。当这些建筑面临翻新其建筑服务时，解决方案的需求变得更加关键，这通常是因为需要保护建筑或达到所需的舒适条件，以继续保持其占用。这项研究建议旨在通过产生新的知识来应对这一挑战，以便能够评估和实施历史教堂的空间供暖技术，从而提高建筑的环境和社会可持续性，同时考虑到相关限制因素，如结构和文物的保护以及预期的社区活动。这个博士项目将致力于解决以下研究问题：1.保护历史教堂的结构、文物和饰面，以及为使用者提供热舒适的理想的热和湿热标准是什么？我们如何定义这些标准？2.空间供暖方面现有的和新兴的技术是什么，如何应用它们来满足历史教堂的热力和湿热标准？3.实施理想的热力改造的限制因素是什么？4.我们如何在确定的限制条件下评估和优化设计方案？这项研究将与奇切斯特教区密切合作，并建立在现有的知识库和专业知识的基础上。将对英格兰东南部合适的历史教堂进行识别和分类，这些教堂具有各自的建筑特色。这项研究将通过文献研究、获取教会资源、与专家联系以及对现有案例研究的审查，确定和建立理想的季节性和功能性温度和湿热标准。将与该领域的学者、专业人员和专家协商，对空间供暖技术的当前和进展进行严格审查。将通过使用计算机建模和模拟，并在可能的情况下，通过从个案研究中收集的数据进行验证，来评估历史教堂及其已确定的特征中的个别系统配置或系统配置组合的性能。将通过实地考察、访谈、实地测量、现有文献和访问教区知识库来确定可能阻碍实施理想的热改造的关键制约因素。预计将制定一项优化战略和评估程序，以便能够评估不同解决方案的总体可持续性。这一反复决策过程将通过至少两个案例研究来检验--一个在农村社区，一个在城市社区。

Heritage buildings, particularly those traditionally seen as connected to a specific use - such as historic churches (>150 years old) - are facing significant challenges in recent years in meeting increasingly demanding "quality of life" standards whilst they are used in broadening and hosting social engagements within the community. To put this in context, the Church of England owns over 15,000 churches. Of these, 78% are listed (45% of the Grade I listed buildings in England), of which over half actively host some form of community activity. The environmental thermal requirements of modern activities in historic churches are often in conflict with the original nature of these buildings, their historic connotation, the building materials, and in meeting user comfort while at the same time presenting and aligning to the concepts of a sustainable society. The demand for solutions becomes even more critical when such buildings are faced with renovating their building services, usually due to a need to either preserve the building or achieve required comfort conditions to continue to sustain its occupation. This research proposal aims to address this challenge by generating new knowledge to enable the evaluation and implementation of space heating technologies in historic churches, thereby increasing the environmental and social sustainability of the building while taking into consideration relevant constraints such as the preservation of the structure and artefacts as well the anticipated community activities. This doctoral project will aim to address the following research questions:1. What are the desirable thermal and hygrothermal criteria for a historic church to protect its structure, artefacts and finishes, as well as providing thermal comfort to the users? How can we define these criteria?2. What are the existing and emerging technologies in space heating, and how can they be applied to meet the thermal and hygrothermal criteria in historic churches? 3. What are the constraints in implementing the desirable thermal retrofit? 4. How can we evaluate and optimise design options within the identified constraints?The research will be developed in close collaboration with the Diocese of Chichester and build on the knowledge base and expertise already exists. Suitable sets of historic churches in south-east England, with their characteristic building features, will be identified and categorised. The research will commence by identifying and establishing desirable seasonal and functional thermal and hygrothermal criteria through literature research, access to the Church resources, contact with experts, and a review of existing case studies. Current and advances in space heating technologies will be critically reviewed in consultation with academics, professionals and experts in the field. Performance of individual or combinations of system configurations in the context of historic churches and their identified features will be evaluated through the use of computer modelling and simulation and, where possible, validation through data gathered from case studies. The key constraints that can prevent the implementation of desirable thermal retrofit will be identified through site visits, interviews, field measurements, existing literature and access to the knowledge base of the Diocese. It is envisaged an optimisation strategy and assessment procedure will be developed enabling the evaluation of the overall sustainability of different solutions. This iterative decision-making process will be tested with at least two case studies - one in the rural community and one in the urban community.