'The causes and motivations of hate crime: implications for Criminal Justice Social Work and beyond'.

“仇恨犯罪的原因和动机：对刑事司法社会工作及其他领域的影响”。

• 批准号: 2096814
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Edinburgh
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2096814
• 关键词: causes; motivations; hate; crime; implications

There has been an increased focus on hate crime amongst academics, policy-makers, and criminal justice agencies across the UK and internationally. Significantly, Scottish hate crime legislation is currently undergoing a comprehensive review (Scottish Government 2017). Remarkably, there is little research on the motivations of those who commit hate crime (EHRC 2016), despite such accounts being central to our understanding of how and why hate crime occurs. Further, there appear to be no interrogations of the seminal 'typology' of hate crime offenders first proposed in 1993 (McDevitt and Levin 2002). No primary Scottish research into those responsible for hate crime appears to exist, nor an in-depth examination of the role of Criminal Justice Social Work (CJSW) in working with those convicted of hate offences (Hamad 2017). My research will thus explore the causes and motivations of hate crime through offender accounts, and the implications for CJSW policy and practice. My research questions therefore are: 1) What are the micro-level factors contributing to hate crime? e.g. 'thrill-seeking', the authoritarian personality, and shame and loss. 2) What are the meso-level factors? e.g. perceptions of threat, defending 'in-groups', and community 'profiles' producing contexts for prejudice-related offending. 3) What are the macro-level factors? e.g. political climates, the media and the internet, 'toxic masculinity', and socio-economic disadvantage. From these, I will examine the implications for CJSW policy and practice in Scotland, and draw attention to the wider implications for key stakeholders. Currently employed as a Criminal Justice Social Worker, I am uniquely placed to gain access to people convicted of hate offences and gather their perspectives first-hand. I will undertake an extensive review of the literature across a range of academic disciplines, including sociology, criminology, psychology, and social work research, as well as policy documents. I will draw primarily on Scottish/UK literature but will widen the focus as necessary. I intend to interview 30 offenders convicted of hate crimes to explore their perspectives on the offence, exploring the micro, meso, and macro-level themes (should these be evident). There will be scope for the generation of new data given the unique approach in directly obtaining offenders' views. I will supplement this by interviewing ten CJSW practitioners to discover how they conceptualise hate crime and its influence on their practice. This would aim to determine any similarities, as well as key differences, in perspectives and the implications for policy and practice. Given my unique access, it may then be beneficial to use an innovative approach by analysing the CJSW Reports produced on hate offences - how are perpetrator perceptions and motivations captured, and presented for use in judicial settings? I intend to undertake thematic analysis (identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns) using a software package such as NVivo. Existing themes in my research questions will be identified, with the use of semi-structured interviews allowing for new or alternative themes to arise. Thematic analysis will also focus on whether there are differences in the themes emerging from offenders themselves, and the professionals. I hope to build upon my existing work on hate crime as facilitated by my employer and the Knowledge Exchange Fellowship with the University of Edinburgh. I will also utilise my established networks to approach other local authorities (taking into account timescales and geographical limitations). The focus of the research would be Scotland-wide, to provide a broader analysis of hate crime and determine regional variations, and to ensure no single local authority is easily identifiable.

在英国和国际上，学术界、政策制定者和刑事司法机构越来越关注仇恨犯罪。值得注意的是，苏格兰仇恨犯罪立法目前正在进行全面审查（苏格兰政府，2017年）。值得注意的是，很少有关于仇恨犯罪动机的研究（EHRC 2016），尽管这些账户是我们理解仇恨犯罪如何以及为什么发生的核心。此外，似乎没有对1993年首次提出的仇恨犯罪罪犯的开创性“类型学”进行审讯（McDevitt和Levin，2002年）。苏格兰似乎没有对仇恨犯罪责任人进行初步研究，也没有对刑事司法社会工作（CJSW）在与仇恨犯罪被定罪者合作方面的作用进行深入研究（哈马德2017）。因此，我的研究将通过犯罪者的账户探索仇恨犯罪的原因和动机，以及对CJSW政策和实践的影响。因此，我的研究问题是：1）什么是微观层面的因素有助于仇恨犯罪？例如，“寻求刺激”、专制人格、羞耻和失落。2)中观层面的因素有哪些？例如，对威胁的看法、为“群体内”辩护以及产生与偏见有关的犯罪背景的社区“概况”。3)宏观层面的因素有哪些？例如，政治气候、媒体和互联网、“有毒的男性气质”和社会经济劣势。从这些，我将研究CJSW的政策和做法在苏格兰的影响，并提请注意对主要利益相关者的更广泛的影响。目前受雇为刑事司法社会工作者，我处于独特的地位，可以接触到被判犯有仇恨罪的人，并收集他们的第一手观点。我将对一系列学科的文献进行广泛的回顾，包括社会学，犯罪学，心理学和社会工作研究，以及政策文件。我将主要借鉴苏格兰/英国文学，但会扩大重点，必要时。我打算采访30名被判犯有仇恨罪的罪犯，探讨他们对犯罪的看法，探索微观，中观和宏观层面的主题（如果这些是显而易见的）。鉴于直接获取罪犯意见的独特方法，将有生成新数据的空间。我将通过采访10名CJSW从业者来补充这一点，以了解他们如何概念化仇恨犯罪及其对他们实践的影响。这样做的目的是确定在观点和对政策和实践的影响方面的任何相似之处以及关键的不同之处。鉴于我独特的接触机会，那么，通过分析CJSW关于仇恨犯罪的报告，使用创新的方法可能是有益的-如何捕捉犯罪者的看法和动机，并在司法环境中使用？我打算使用NVivo等软件包进行专题分析（确定、分析和报告模式）。在我的研究问题中现有的主题将被确定，使用半结构化访谈允许新的或替代的主题出现。主题分析还将侧重于罪犯本身和专业人员提出的主题是否存在差异。我希望在我现有的仇恨犯罪工作的基础上，通过我的雇主和知识交流奖学金与爱丁堡大学的促进。我还将利用我建立的网络与其他地方当局接触（考虑到时间表和地理限制）。研究的重点将是苏格兰范围内，以提供更广泛的分析仇恨犯罪和确定区域差异，并确保没有一个地方当局是容易识别的。