Deviant Leaders: Factors that Facilitate and Inhibit Transgression Credit.

三个系列的研究将使用实验设计，每个条件下从研究参与计划和MTurk招募40名参与者，使用横跨政治、管理和体育的主题。将包括新的测量技术，如行为决定、情感、个性、态度和含蓄测量。这里描述了每个系列中的第一项研究。在每个系列中，附加研究(b/c)将跟踪特定的结果，以探索理论和解释。系列1：三种人格特征可能影响TC。高认知闭合需要(NFCC)促进了群体中心主义和对规范行为的偏好，但也促进了对成员原型的关注2。因为领导者具有很高的典型性，所以据预测，NFCC会提拔TC。右翼威权主义(RWA)和社会支配取向(SDO)也可能影响TC，但很少有人关注它们在组内动态中的作用。RWA导致对威胁团队内凝聚力的人进行更严厉的评估，这表明不正常的成员和领导者可能会受到同样严厉的评估。SDO与对地位等级的偏好有关，因此可能会促进对领导者的宽大处理，因为他们比典型的群体成员拥有更多的地位。研究1a将使用3(人格结构)x 2(越轨领导者与成员)主持的回归研究来评估NFCC、RWA和SDO对好评率的预测能力。系列2.NFCC也可以受到情景因素的影响，例如诱导的身份不确定性3 5。NFCC除了具有直接影响外，还可能在身份不确定性与TC之间起到中介作用。研究2a将使用2(身份确定性受到威胁与未受到威胁)x 2(偏离领导者与成员)设计来测试这一点，并将采用情景NFCC的各种测量。RWA和SDO也可能受到情境因素的影响，特别是受群体间环境的影响。组间竞争提高了RWA和SDO，而NFCC应该起到中介作用，而RWA和SDO可能会调节竞争是否会增加TC。研究3a将使用2(高与低组间竞争)×2(偏离领导者与成员)设计，并检验假设，即组间竞争仅导致RWA或SDO高的参与者之间的TC。

Three series of studies will use experimental designs with samples of 40 participants per condition recruited from the Research Participation Scheme and MTURK, using topics spanning politics, management, and sport. Novel measurement techniques such as behavioural decisions, emotion, personality, attitudinal and implicit measures will be included. The first study in each series is described here. In each series, additional studies (b/c) will follow up specific results to probe theory and explanation.Series 1: Three personality characteristics may affect TC. High need for cognitive closure (NFCC) promotes group centrism and preference for normative behaviour, but also attentiveness to member prototypicality2. Because leaders are highly prototypical3, it is predicted that NFCC promotes TC. Right wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) are also likely to influence TC, but little attention has been paid to their effects in intragroup dynamics. RWA leads to harsher evaluations of people that threaten in-group cohesion4, suggesting deviant members and leaders may be evaluated similarly harshly. SDO is related to a preference for status hierarchies4 and thus may promote leniency for leaders, who hold more status than typical group members. Study 1a will use a 3 (personality construct) x 2 (transgressive leader vs. member) moderated regression study to assess the predictive power of NFCC, RWA, and SDO on favourability ratings.Series 2. NFCC can also be influenced by situational factors such as induced identity uncertainty3 5. As well as having a direct effect, NFCC may therefore also play a mediating role between identity uncertainty and TC. Study 2a will test this with a 2 (identity certainty threatened vs. not threatened) x 2 (deviant leader vs. member) design and will employ various measures of situational NFCC. Series 3. RWA and SDO may also be influenced by situational factors, particularly by the intergroup context. RWA and SDO are heightened by intergroup competition6 and, whereas NFCC should have a mediating role, RWA and SDO might moderate whether competition increases TC. Study 3a will use a 2 (high vs. low intergroup competition) x 2 (deviant leader vs. member) design and test the hypothesis that intergroup competition only results in TC among participants who are high in RWA or SDO.