Mexico: Maquila, Environmental Vulnerability and Health

描述（由申请人提供） 边境加工出口工业集中在美国-墨西哥边境的沿着，是出口带动发展模式的一个重要例子。 从1980年到2000年，MEI的就业人数增长了10倍以上。 这些行业是边境地区社会和经济转型的重要参与者，刺激了大规模移民、人口快速增长和城市扩张。 尽管边境加工业十分重要，但墨西哥的经济发展政策与其他地方一样，没有明确纳入环境保护或促进健康的战略。 边境社区一直未能建造足够的住房，未能扩大城市基础设施以及供水和污水处理系统，也未能发展基础设施来处理MEI产生的工业废物和有毒废物，这造成了城市贫民窟，其居民面临一系列环境危害。 城市和环境基础设施的累积赤字加剧了当地的健康不平等，很可能抵消经济增长带来的健康收益。 在过去20年中，墨西哥婴儿死亡率从1980年的39.9/1000活产下降到2002年的13.8/1000。 然而，北方边境地区的死亡率下降并没有跟上，尽管他们的经济状况更有利。 虽然1980年边境各州的婴儿死亡率远低于全国平均水平，但下加利福尼亚、奇瓦瓦州和索诺拉等边境城市的婴儿死亡率现在明显超过全国平均水平（22.0-23.8比1995 - 1997年的13.8/1 000）。 拟议的试点研究将利用空间分析和人种学方法，审查诺加莱斯和索诺拉埃莫西约以出口为基础的工业化、城市化和婴儿健康之间的潜在联系，并评估婴儿死亡率方面正在出现的差异是否与城市和环境基础设施的不足有关。 将通过汇编来自城市地图、人口普查、城市档案和主要知情人访谈以及重点小组的信息，制定一个社会环境脆弱性指数，并根据居民的看法进行调整。 然后，将评估人口普查区一级严重脆弱性与婴儿死亡率之间的空间关联。 覆盖严重脆弱性和死亡率的严重脆弱性指数和地理信息系统地图可作为政策工具，促进确定缓解战略，以解决当地社区的不利环境和健康状况。 这项研究将试行一些办法，以便在随后对西北边境地区8-10个城市进行的研究中加以实施。 该项目将与索诺拉技术研究所合作，在索诺拉学院建立一个多学科小组。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant) The maquiladora export industries (MEI), concentrated along the United States-Mexican border, are an important example of an export-led development model. Employment in the MEl grew over 10-fold from 1980-2000. These industries are important actors in the social and economic transformation of the border region, spurring large-scale migration, rapid population growth and urban expansion. Despite the importance of the maquiladoran industries, economic development policy in Mexico, as elsewhere, has not explicitly incorporated environmental protection or health promotion strategies. The continuing failure of the border communities to build sufficient housing, to expand urban infrastructure and water and sewage systems, or to develop infrastructure for processing the industrial and toxic wastes generated by the MEI, has created urban slums whose residents are exposed to a range of environmental hazards. The accumulated deficit in urban and environmental infrastructure exacerbates local health inequalities and may well offset the health gains of economic growth. Over the past two decades, Mexican infant mortality declined substantially from 39.9/1000 live births in 1980 to 13.8/1000 in 2002. However, mortality declines in the northern border region have not kept pace despite their more favorable economic profile. Although in 1980 infant mortality in the border states was well below the national average, infant mortality in the border cities of Baja California, Chihuahua and Sonora now markedly exceed the national average (22.0-23.8 versus 13.8/1000 in 1995 -1997). The proposed pilot study will use spatial analysis and ethnographic approaches to examine potential links between exported-based industrialization, urbanization and infant health in Nogales and Hermosillo, Sonora, and assess whether emerging disparities in infant mortality are associated with deficits in urban and environmental infrastructure. By compiling information from city maps, the census, city archives and key informant interviews and focus groups, an index of socio-environmental vulnerability (SEV), calibrated to residents' perceptions will be developed. The spatial association between SEV and infant mortality at the census tract level will then be evaluated. The SEV index and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps overlaying SEV and mortality can serve as policy tools, facilitating the identification of mitigation strategies to address adverse environmental and health conditions in local communities. This study will pilot approaches to be implemented in a subsequent study of 8-10 cities in the northwest border region. This project will develop a multi-disciplinary team at El Colegio de Sonora, in collaboration with the Institute of Technology of Sonora.