Mexico: Maquila, Environmental Vulnerability and Health

描述（由申请人提供）集中在美墨边境的maquiladora出口工业（MEI）是出口导向型发展模式的一个重要例子。从1980年到2000年，MEl的就业人数增长了10倍以上。这些工业是边境地区社会和经济转型的重要因素，促进了大规模移徙、人口迅速增长和城市扩张。尽管联营工业很重要，但墨西哥的经济发展政策与其他地方一样，没有明确纳入环境保护或促进健康战略。边境社区继续未能建造足够的住房，扩大城市基础设施、供水和污水系统，或发展处理MEI产生的工业和有毒废物的基础设施，造成了城市贫民窟，其居民暴露在一系列环境危害中。城市和环境基础设施的累积不足加剧了地方保健方面的不平等，很可能抵消经济增长在保健方面带来的好处。在过去二十年中，墨西哥婴儿死亡率从1980年的39.9/1000活产大幅下降到2002年的13.8/1000。然而，北部边境地区的死亡率下降没有跟上，尽管他们的经济状况较好。虽然1980年边境各州的婴儿死亡率远低于全国平均水平，但下加利福尼亚州、奇瓦瓦州和索诺拉等边境城市的婴儿死亡率现在明显超过全国平均水平（1995 -1997年为22.0-23.8,1995 -1997年为13.8/1000）。拟议的试点研究将采用空间分析和人种学方法，审查索诺拉诺加利斯和埃莫西约出口型工业化、城市化和婴儿健康之间的潜在联系，并评估婴儿死亡率出现的差距是否与城市和环境基础设施不足有关。通过汇编来自城市地图、人口普查、城市档案、主要信息提供者访谈和焦点小组的信息，将编制一个社会环境脆弱性指数（SEV），根据居民的看法进行校准。然后将评估人口普查区水平上SEV与婴儿死亡率之间的空间关联。SEV指数和覆盖SEV和死亡率的地理信息系统（GIS）地图可以作为政策工具，促进确定缓解战略，以解决当地社区不利的环境和健康状况。该研究将在西北边境地区8-10个城市的后续研究中试点实施。该项目将与索诺拉理工学院合作，在索诺拉学院建立一个多学科团队。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant) The maquiladora export industries (MEI), concentrated along the United States-Mexican border, are an important example of an export-led development model. Employment in the MEl grew over 10-fold from 1980-2000. These industries are important actors in the social and economic transformation of the border region, spurring large-scale migration, rapid population growth and urban expansion. Despite the importance of the maquiladoran industries, economic development policy in Mexico, as elsewhere, has not explicitly incorporated environmental protection or health promotion strategies. The continuing failure of the border communities to build sufficient housing, to expand urban infrastructure and water and sewage systems, or to develop infrastructure for processing the industrial and toxic wastes generated by the MEI, has created urban slums whose residents are exposed to a range of environmental hazards. The accumulated deficit in urban and environmental infrastructure exacerbates local health inequalities and may well offset the health gains of economic growth. Over the past two decades, Mexican infant mortality declined substantially from 39.9/1000 live births in 1980 to 13.8/1000 in 2002. However, mortality declines in the northern border region have not kept pace despite their more favorable economic profile. Although in 1980 infant mortality in the border states was well below the national average, infant mortality in the border cities of Baja California, Chihuahua and Sonora now markedly exceed the national average (22.0-23.8 versus 13.8/1000 in 1995 -1997). The proposed pilot study will use spatial analysis and ethnographic approaches to examine potential links between exported-based industrialization, urbanization and infant health in Nogales and Hermosillo, Sonora, and assess whether emerging disparities in infant mortality are associated with deficits in urban and environmental infrastructure. By compiling information from city maps, the census, city archives and key informant interviews and focus groups, an index of socio-environmental vulnerability (SEV), calibrated to residents' perceptions will be developed. The spatial association between SEV and infant mortality at the census tract level will then be evaluated. The SEV index and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps overlaying SEV and mortality can serve as policy tools, facilitating the identification of mitigation strategies to address adverse environmental and health conditions in local communities. This study will pilot approaches to be implemented in a subsequent study of 8-10 cities in the northwest border region. This project will develop a multi-disciplinary team at El Colegio de Sonora, in collaboration with the Institute of Technology of Sonora.