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Why do Muslims underperform in the job market? A mixed methods inquiry assessing Muslims' poor labour market performance in England

为什么穆斯林在就业市场表现不佳？

基本信息

批准号：
2170265
负责人：
金额：
--
依托单位：
University of Bristol
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Studentship
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2170265
关键词：
Why do Muslims underperform job

项目摘要

It is widely held that Muslims suffer a 'Muslim penalty' in the UK labour market. Indeed, not only are they more likely to be unemployed, but they are also less likely to occupy a high-tier position than similarly qualified non-Muslims. In fact, in 2017, the Social Mobility Commission found that 'Muslims experience the greatest economic disadvantages of any group in UK society' (Social Mobility Commission, 2017, p.5). However, available research on the 'Muslim penalty' suffers from a lacuna because it chiefly centres on Muslims from an Asian background, and neglects the diversity of the group. Indeed, when ethnicity is alleged to have been considered, either the focus is predominantly put on Bangladeshi and Pakistani Muslims (see Brown, 2000; Lindley, 2002), or certain ethnic groups are excluded from the study altogether (see Khattab and Modood, 2015: 502). Thus, effectively, 'Asian' ethno-cultural norms are being used as a proxy for Islamic ones. This is inaccurate, and brings into question the conclusion that a 'Muslim penalty' exists.Therefore, answers to the following questions remain unsatisfactory. Are 'Muslims' in England penalised in the job market because of their faith? How do Muslims from distinct ethnic backgrounds perceive their barriers to labour market integration? I will answer these questions by undertaking a two-step mixed methods investigation. First, through a longitudinal study I will assess if we can indeed speak of a Muslim penalty. To do this, using data from the Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), I will investigate if being Muslim carries a higher risk of being unemployed than not being Muslim. I will also undertake a duration analysis to examine the length of time it takes for unemployed Muslims to transition into employment relative to non-Muslims. Thereafter, I will examine if being Muslim carries with it a higher probability of lower income than not being Muslim, and whether, if having lost their job, Muslims suffer a more severe earnings penalty (if at all) relative to non-Muslims with the same ethnic background, and the wider population.The investigation will focus on working age adult Muslims, not in full-time education, from different ethnicities where there is a sufficient number of Muslims (e.g. White, Black Caribbean, Black African, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indian, and Arab). Some of the key variables I will use from the dataset include socio-economic characteristics, religion, cultural participation, ethnicity, and discrimination. In addition to a wealth of variables, the UKHLS offers many other advantages, including a large sample size (40,000 households), and eight waves of data (2009-2018). Moreover, given its panel design, the Ethnic Minority Boost Sample (n=6,000), and the fact the survey includes an emphasis on ethnicity-related questions, the UKHLS is ideal for this investigation. Second, I will undertake a qualitative study to investigate the quantitative findings in further detail. More specifically, through semi-structured one-to-one and focus group interviews with 60 participants - recruited through a snowballing technique via mosques and community associations across England after taking into account ethical considerations - I will explore what Muslims' own perception of the causes of labour market disadvantages are. That is, if they are perceived to be due to self-imposed barriers, perceived discrimination, or both. By undertaking a vignette study during the interviews, I will gather quantitative data from the participants to gain a better understanding of the values and motivations that drive their interaction with the job market. In terms of data analysis, after transcription, I will use topic models to unearth, through a mathematical framework, key themes (and their relative importance) to understand how Muslims in England negotiate their labour market challenges.

人们普遍认为，穆斯林在英国劳动力市场上遭受了“穆斯林惩罚”。事实上，与具有类似资格的非穆斯林相比，他们不仅更有可能失业，而且担任高级职位的可能性也更小。事实上，2017 年，社会流动性委员会发现，“在英国社会中，穆斯林群体在经济上处于最不利的地位”（社会流动性委员会，2017 年，第 5 页）。然而，现有关于“穆斯林惩罚”的研究存在缺陷，因为它主要集中在亚洲背景的穆斯林身上，而忽视了该群体的多样性。事实上，当据称考虑种族时，要么重点主要放在孟加拉国和巴基斯坦穆斯林身上（见 Brown，2000；Lindley，2002），要么某些族裔群体被完全排除在研究之外（见 Khattab 和 Modood，2015：502）。因此，实际上，“亚洲”民族文化规范被用作伊斯兰规范的代表。这是不准确的，并且对存在“穆斯林惩罚”的结论提出了质疑。因此，对以下问题的回答仍然不能令人满意。英国的“穆斯林”是否因为信仰而在就业市场上受到惩罚？来自不同种族背景的穆斯林如何看待劳动力市场一体化的障碍？我将通过两步混合方法调查来回答这些问题。首先，通过纵向研究，我将评估我们是否确实可以谈论穆斯林惩罚。为此，我将使用理解协会：英国家庭纵向研究 (UKHLS) 的数据来调查穆斯林身份是否比非穆斯林具有更高的失业风险。我还将进行持续时间分析，以考察失业穆斯林相对于非穆斯林过渡到就业所需的时间长度。此后，我将研究成为穆斯林是否比非穆斯林带来更低收入的可能性，以及如果失业，相对于具有相同种族背景的非穆斯林和更广泛的人口，穆斯林是否会遭受更严重的收入惩罚（如果有的话）。调查将集中于工作年龄的成年穆斯林，而不是接受全日制教育，来自有足够数量穆斯林的不同种族（例如白人，黑人）加勒比人、非洲黑人、巴基斯坦人、孟加拉国人、印度人和阿拉伯人）。我将从数据集中使用的一些关键变量包括社会经济特征、宗教、文化参与、种族和歧视。除了丰富的变量外，UKHLS还具有许多其他优势，包括大样本量（4万户家庭）和八波数据（2009-2018年）。此外，考虑到其小组设计、少数族裔增强样本（n=6,000）以及该调查强调种族相关问题的事实，UKHLS 是这项调查的理想选择。其次，我将进行定性研究，以更详细地调查定量结果。更具体地说，通过对 60 名参与者进行半结构化的一对一和焦点小组访谈（在考虑到道德因素后，通过英格兰各地的清真寺和社区协会通过滚雪球技术招募参与者），我将探讨穆斯林自己对劳动力市场劣势原因的看法。也就是说，他们是否被认为是由于自我设置的障碍、感知到的歧视或两者兼而有之。通过在访谈期间进行小插曲研究，我将从参与者那里收集定量数据，以更好地了解推动他们与就业市场互动的价值观和动机。在数据分析方面，转录后，我将使用主题模型通过数学框架挖掘关键主题（及其相对重要性），以了解英国的穆斯林如何应对劳动力市场的挑战。