ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON FOOD INTAKE AND OBESITY

有人认为，食物份量的增加导致能量摄入过多，从而导致肥胖发生率上升。 然而，很少有研究探讨份量大小和食物摄入量之间的关系。消费者的特征以及所吃食物的类型可能会影响份量大小如何影响能量平衡。 食物的能量密度（每克千卡）也可能对份量的反应产生重大影响。 如果能量密度和份量相互作用影响摄入量，这将支持这样的假设：大量高能量密度食物在促进能量摄入过量方面发挥着重要作用。 另一方面，如果增加低能量密度食物的份量也会影响吃的量，这将建议采取减少能量摄入的策略。为了解决这些问题，提出了四个高度控制的实验室实验。 实验 1a、1b 和 2 将测试逐渐增加三种不同食物的份量对能量摄入的影响。 实验 3 将通过使用在这两个因素上系统变化的配方食品来研究份量大小和能量密度之间的相互作用。实验 4 将测试在两天内增加所有食物的份量（无论是高能量密度还是低能量密度）的影响。 这些研究将解决以下具体目标：1）确定增加不同类型食物的份量对能量摄入的影响； 2) 确定调节份量大小对摄入量影响的个体特征； 3) 确定份量大小和能量密度如何相互作用影响摄入量； 4) 确定在两天内增加所有食物份量对能量摄入的影响。拟议的研究将提供有关份量大小对不同类​​型食物摄入的影响以及可能对这种影响最敏感的个人的基本数据。这些数据对于制定有效的体重管理策略至关重要，其中纳入了份量大小对能量摄入的影响。

It has been suggested that increases in the portion size of foods have contributed to excess energy intakes and thus the growing incidence of obesity. Few studies, however, have examined the relationship between portion size and food intake. It is probable that characteristics of the consumer, as well as of the type of food eaten, may influence how portion size affects energy balance. The energy density of foods (kcal per gram) is also likely to have a significant impact on the response to portion size. If energy density and portion size interact to affect intake, this will support the hypothesis that large portions of foods high in energy density have a major role in promoting excess energy intake. On the other hand, if increasing the portions of foods low in energy density also affects the amount eaten, this would suggest a strategy for reducing energy intake. To address these issues, four highly-controlled laboratory experiments are proposed. Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2 will test the effect on energy intake of incrementally increasing the portions of three different foods. Experiment 3 will investigate the interaction between portion size and energy density by using formulated foods which systematically vary in these two factors. Experiment 4 will test the impact of increasing the portions of all foods offered, both those high and low in energy density, over a two-day period. These studies will address the following specific aims: 1) to determine the effect on energy intake of increasing the portion size of different types of foods; 2) to identify characteristics of individuals which modulate the effect of portion size on intake; 3) to determine how portion size and energy density interact to influence intake; and 4) to determine the effect on energy intake of increasing the portion size of all foods served over two days. The proposed studies will provide fundamental data about the effect of portion size on intake of different types of foods, and about individuals likely to be most responsive to this effect. These data are critical for the development of effective strategies for weight management that incorporate the influence of portion size on energy intake.