The monetary economy of Carolingian Italy, c. 750-850

加洛林时期意大利的货币经济，c。

• 批准号: 2243750
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Cambridge
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2243750
• 关键词: monetary; economy; Carolingian; Italy; c.

My intended doctoral research will consider the historical significance of Carolingian coinage in northern Italy between the Frankish invasion of Italy in 754 and the imperial coronation of Louis II in 855. During this period, the region between the Alps and Rome was subject to Carolingian rule as the Lombard kingdom and its institutions were gradually integrated into the Frankish realm. At the start of the period, the Lombard kingdom was strong and well organised with its own long-established numismatic traditions, as has been shown by Chris Wickham. From 781, Charlemagne's Capitulary of Mantua prompted a reform of Italian coinage, bringing it more closely in line with Carolingian monetary practices north of the Alps. This research presents a singular opportunity to study the impact of Carolingian monetisation and monetary culture on northern Italy, with the further possibility to consider the extent to which such practices were integrated into northern Italian society with resulting social and administrative changes. I suggest that in Italy coined money played a different role, being more about cultural and political statements than economic transactions, which has wide-reaching implications for our understanding of eighth- and ninth-century Italian society compared with contemporary northern Europe. It raises questions as to whether the latter was more monetised or commercialised, or whether we should be thinking of different models or forms of monetisation, perhaps reflecting differences in elite power and urban-rural relations.The historiography of coinage in eighth- and ninth-century Italy has, perhaps unsurprisingly, been dominated by Italian scholars, such as Alessia Rovelli, Ermanno Arslan, Lucia Travaini, and Andrea Saccoli. These studies have tended to isolate regions and studying them on a micro-scale. I suggest a more comparative approach, looking at the monetary economy of Italy during this period from the broader perspective of the Carolingian monetary tradition. Wider studies such as Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburns's Medieval European Coinage vol. 1 demonstrate the benefits of this approach by situating the coinage in a broader early medieval context.At the heart of the proposed study lies a paradox posed by the surviving body of evidence: although the documentary evidence would suggest that coin-use was prevalent, the archaeological record supports the altogether different conclusion that coin-use in Northern Italy operated in a fundamentally different way to the rest of the Carolingian empire. Chronicles, saints' lives, and bureaucratic records of sale, exchange and rent all point to the presence of coins in everyday life across various strata of northern Italian society. Documentary sources explicitly identify the users of these coins and the transactions in which they were used, shedding light on interpersonal connections that existed behind the monetary economy. However, Carolingian denarii are remarkably rare compared to northern Europe in archaeological contexts. Used in conjunction with published archaeological reports of stratigraphic excavations in Italy and the resulting coin catalogues, I anticipate that this source base will yield the conclusion that coins were used as cultural and political tools more often than they were used as instruments of commerce. Accordingly, the source base not only presents a promising case study in the wider debate on the degree to which early medieval Europe was monetized, but there is also the potential to focus on coinage as a vehicle for political and ideological communication or projection. Particularly after Charlemagne's imperial coronation in c. 800, the significance of Rome to Carolingian conceptions of authority and imperial self-representation is incontestable, but needs careful examination.

我打算进行的博士研究将考虑在754年法兰克人入侵意大利和855年路易二世加冕之间，意大利北部加洛林货币的历史意义。在此期间，随着伦巴第王国及其机构逐渐融入法兰克王国，阿尔卑斯山和罗马之间的地区受到加洛林王朝的统治。在这一时期之初，伦巴第王国很强大，组织良好，有自己悠久的钱币传统，克里斯·韦翰已经证明了这一点。从781年起，查理曼大帝的曼图亚首府推动了意大利硬币的改革，使其与阿尔卑斯山以北的加洛林时期的货币实践更加一致。这项研究为研究加洛林货币化和货币文化对意大利北部的影响提供了一个难得的机会，并进一步有可能考虑这些做法在多大程度上融入了意大利北部社会，从而导致了社会和行政方面的变化。我认为，在意大利，硬币扮演着不同的角色，更多地是关于文化和政治声明，而不是经济交易，这对我们与当代北欧相比，理解8世纪和9世纪的意大利社会具有广泛的影响。这引发了这样一个问题：后者是更货币化还是更商业化，或者我们是否应该考虑不同的模式或形式的货币化，或许反映了精英势力和城乡关系的差异。或许并不令人意外的是，8世纪和9世纪意大利的铸币史一直由意大利学者主导，如阿莱西亚·罗维利(Alessia Rovelli)、埃尔曼诺·阿斯兰(Ermanno Arslan)、露西亚·特拉瓦尼(Lucia Travaini)和安德里亚·萨科利(Andrea Saccoli)。这些研究倾向于将区域隔离，并在微观尺度上进行研究。我建议采取一种更具可比性的方法，从加洛林式货币传统的更广泛视角来看待这一时期的意大利货币经济。更广泛的研究，如菲利普·格里尔森和马克·布莱克本的中世纪欧洲硬币第1卷，通过将硬币放在更广泛的中世纪早期背景中，证明了这种方法的好处。拟议的研究的核心是幸存下来的证据提出的一个悖论：尽管文献证据表明硬币的使用很普遍，但考古记录支持了完全不同的结论，即意大利北部的硬币使用方式与卡罗林帝国的其他地方完全不同。编年史、圣人的生活以及关于销售、交换和出租的官僚记录都表明，在意大利北部社会的各个阶层的日常生活中都有硬币的存在。文件来源明确地确定了这些硬币的使用者和使用它们的交易，揭示了货币经济背后存在的人际联系。然而，在考古学背景下，加洛林时代的迪纳里亚人与北欧人相比非常罕见。结合已发表的意大利地层发掘的考古报告和由此产生的硬币目录，我预计这个来源基础将得出结论，硬币更多地被用作文化和政治工具，而不是用作商业工具。因此，来源基础不仅在关于中世纪早期欧洲货币化程度的更广泛辩论中提供了一个有希望的案例研究，而且还有可能专注于将货币作为政治和意识形态沟通或投射的工具。尤其是在公元800年查理曼加冕之后，罗马对加洛林王朝的权威和皇室自我代表观念的意义是无可争辩的，但需要仔细审视。