The monetary economy of Carolingian Italy, c. 750-850

我打算进行的博士研究将考虑从754年法兰克人入侵意大利到855年路易二世加冕之间，北方意大利的奥辛加王朝的历史意义。在这一时期，阿尔卑斯山和罗马之间的地区受到伦巴第王国及其机构逐渐融入法兰克王国的统治。在这一时期的开始，伦巴第王国是强大的，组织良好，有自己悠久的钱币传统，正如克里斯威克姆所展示的那样。从781年开始，查理曼的《曼图亚统帅部》促使意大利货币进行了改革，使其更接近阿尔卑斯山以北的匈牙利货币惯例。这项研究提供了一个独特的机会，研究货币化和货币文化对北方意大利的影响，进一步的可能性，以考虑在何种程度上，这些做法被纳入北方意大利社会所产生的社会和行政变化。我认为，在意大利，铸币扮演着不同的角色，更多的是文化和政治声明，而不是经济交易，这对我们理解8世纪和9世纪的意大利社会与当代北方欧洲社会的比较有着广泛的影响。这就提出了一个问题，即后者是更货币化还是更商业化，或者我们是否应该考虑不同的货币化模式或形式，这或许反映了精英权力和城乡关系的差异。8世纪和9世纪意大利的科帕卡巴纳史学一直由意大利学者主导，如阿莱西亚·罗韦利（Alessia Rovelli）、埃尔曼诺·阿尔斯兰（Ermanno Arslan）、露西亚·特拉瓦伊尼（Lucia Travaini）和安德烈·萨科利（Andrea Saccoli），这也许并不奇怪。这些研究倾向于孤立地区，在微观尺度上进行研究。我建议采取一种比较的方法，从更广泛的货币传统视角来看待这一时期意大利的货币经济。菲利普·格里尔森（Philip Grierson）和马克·布莱克本（Mark Blackburns）的《中世纪欧洲古希腊》（Medieval European Coastal）第一卷等更广泛的研究通过将古希腊置于更广泛的中世纪早期背景中来证明这种方法的好处。尽管文件证据表明硬币的使用是普遍的，考古记录支持了一个完全不同的结论，即北方意大利的硬币使用方式，与罗马帝国的其他地区有着根本的不同。编年史、圣徒的生平以及有关销售、交换和出租的官方记录都表明，硬币在意大利北方社会各个阶层的日常生活中都有存在。文献资料明确指出了这些硬币的使用者以及使用它们的交易，揭示了货币经济背后存在的人际关系。然而，在考古学背景下，与北方欧洲相比，匈牙利德纳里非常罕见。结合已发表的意大利地层发掘的考古报告和由此产生的硬币目录，我预计这一来源基础将得出这样的结论：硬币更多地被用作文化和政治工具，而不是商业工具。因此，在关于中世纪早期欧洲货币化程度的更广泛辩论中，源数据库不仅提供了一个有希望的案例研究，而且还有可能把重点放在作为政治和意识形态交流或投射工具的coconut上。尤其是在查理曼大帝于公元前1000年加冕之后。公元800年，罗马对于君士坦丁堡的权威观念和帝国自我代表的重要性是不容置疑的，但需要仔细研究。

My intended doctoral research will consider the historical significance of Carolingian coinage in northern Italy between the Frankish invasion of Italy in 754 and the imperial coronation of Louis II in 855. During this period, the region between the Alps and Rome was subject to Carolingian rule as the Lombard kingdom and its institutions were gradually integrated into the Frankish realm. At the start of the period, the Lombard kingdom was strong and well organised with its own long-established numismatic traditions, as has been shown by Chris Wickham. From 781, Charlemagne's Capitulary of Mantua prompted a reform of Italian coinage, bringing it more closely in line with Carolingian monetary practices north of the Alps. This research presents a singular opportunity to study the impact of Carolingian monetisation and monetary culture on northern Italy, with the further possibility to consider the extent to which such practices were integrated into northern Italian society with resulting social and administrative changes. I suggest that in Italy coined money played a different role, being more about cultural and political statements than economic transactions, which has wide-reaching implications for our understanding of eighth- and ninth-century Italian society compared with contemporary northern Europe. It raises questions as to whether the latter was more monetised or commercialised, or whether we should be thinking of different models or forms of monetisation, perhaps reflecting differences in elite power and urban-rural relations.The historiography of coinage in eighth- and ninth-century Italy has, perhaps unsurprisingly, been dominated by Italian scholars, such as Alessia Rovelli, Ermanno Arslan, Lucia Travaini, and Andrea Saccoli. These studies have tended to isolate regions and studying them on a micro-scale. I suggest a more comparative approach, looking at the monetary economy of Italy during this period from the broader perspective of the Carolingian monetary tradition. Wider studies such as Philip Grierson and Mark Blackburns's Medieval European Coinage vol. 1 demonstrate the benefits of this approach by situating the coinage in a broader early medieval context.At the heart of the proposed study lies a paradox posed by the surviving body of evidence: although the documentary evidence would suggest that coin-use was prevalent, the archaeological record supports the altogether different conclusion that coin-use in Northern Italy operated in a fundamentally different way to the rest of the Carolingian empire. Chronicles, saints' lives, and bureaucratic records of sale, exchange and rent all point to the presence of coins in everyday life across various strata of northern Italian society. Documentary sources explicitly identify the users of these coins and the transactions in which they were used, shedding light on interpersonal connections that existed behind the monetary economy. However, Carolingian denarii are remarkably rare compared to northern Europe in archaeological contexts. Used in conjunction with published archaeological reports of stratigraphic excavations in Italy and the resulting coin catalogues, I anticipate that this source base will yield the conclusion that coins were used as cultural and political tools more often than they were used as instruments of commerce. Accordingly, the source base not only presents a promising case study in the wider debate on the degree to which early medieval Europe was monetized, but there is also the potential to focus on coinage as a vehicle for political and ideological communication or projection. Particularly after Charlemagne's imperial coronation in c. 800, the significance of Rome to Carolingian conceptions of authority and imperial self-representation is incontestable, but needs careful examination.