The violent truth: A comparative, long-term study of collective violence from armed conflicts in Europe.

项目概述（请不要超过4000个字符，包括空格）：该博士将通过分析19世纪以来发生在欧洲的重大武装冲突中的骨骼遗骸来调查社会集体暴力的影响，并为当代法医调查建立理论和方法框架。这将通过对每次冲突中使用的武器造成的骨骼创伤进行分析，确定遗骸上的其他暴力行为（例如酷刑），并最终将这些与每次冲突有关的社会政治背景和历史来源联系起来来实现。以上将使用暴力的社会学理论来解释（Demmers, 2012）。法医人类学家和生物考古学家经常被用于对武装冲突中的骨骼遗骸进行人道主义分析。由于技术（机械、武器）和社会结构的变化，武器造成的创伤分析需要一个不同于研究遥远过去的框架。借鉴最近的暴力冲突，并强烈参考社会科学和国际人道主义法，发展一个重点突出的方法论理论框架，将防止未来的跨学科项目仅仅产生无重点的骨架报告（Martin and Harrod, 2015）。这将有助于受害者的恢复和身份识别，将支持法医实践，并有助于发现犯罪活动和侵犯人权的行为（Cordner和Tidball-Binz， 2017）。博士研究将集中在西班牙和希腊的武装冲突。西班牙内战（1936-1939）和土耳其克里特岛阿卡迪大屠杀（1866）是对两国历史和发展产生重大影响的历史事件。用于骨骼创伤分析的视觉方法将是计算机断层扫描（CT）、摄影测量和反射变换成像（RTI）。研究问题是：1)19世纪末和20世纪武装冲突的综合生物考古学和人类学方法可以为当代法医调查提供什么教训？2)人类骨骼遗骸的人类学和考古学分析能否提供有关武装冲突的社会和政治背景的信息？本研究旨在通过以下方式解决上述问题：1)整合暴力的社会学理论；2)为武装冲突中暴力的生物考古研究建立最佳实践框架；3)在案例研究中应用人类学方法，然后将这些发现与这些个人的历史和照片记录以及更广泛的社会政治背景相结合。4)反思当代对武装冲突引起的暴力行为调查的影响。这项研究将加强目前对西班牙内战的研究，突出Arkadi骨库的历史价值，并通过提供新的方法方法，为当代冲突的人权原因做出贡献。

Project Summary (Please do not exceed 4000 characters, including spaces):This PhD will investigate the impact of collective violence in society by analysing the skeletal remains from significant armed conflicts that occurred in Europe from the 19th century onwards and establish a theoretical and methodological framework for contemporary forensic investigations. This will be achieved by performing analysis of skeletal trauma from the weapons used in each conflict, identifying other violent practices (e.g. torturing) on the remains and finally associating these with the socio-political context and historical sources pertaining to each conflict. The above will be explained using sociological theories of violence (Demmers, 2012). Forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists are frequently employed in humanitarian analysis of skeletal remains from armed conflicts. The trauma analysis from weapons requires a different framework than that used in the study of the distant past due to changes in technology (machinery, weaponry) and social structures. The development of a focused and methodological theoretical framework, drawing upon recent violent conflict, with a strong reference to social sciences and international humanitarian law will prevent future interdisciplinary projects from simply producing unfocussed skeletal reports (Martin and Harrod, 2015).This will assist in the recovery and identification of victims, will support forensic practice and help unearth criminal activities and the violations of human rights (Cordner and Tidball-Binz, 2017). The PhD study will focus on armed conflicts of Spain and Greece. The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the Turkish Arkadi Massacre in Crete (1866) are historical events that significantly impacted upon the history and the development of both countries. The visual methods employed for the skeletal trauma analysis will be ComputedTomography (CT), photogrammetry and Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI).Research questions are: 1) What lessons can an integrated bioarchaeological and anthropological approach of late 19th and 20th-century armed conflicts offer to contemporary forensic investigations?2) Can the anthropological and archaeological analysis of human skeletal remains provide information regarding the social and political context of armed conflict? This study aims to address the above questions by:1) Drawing together sociological theories of violence, 2) Establishing a framework of best practice for the bioarchaeological study of violence in armed conflicts, 3) Applying anthropological methods in the case-studies and then integrating these findings with historical and photographic record for those individuals and the wider socio-political context, 4) Reflecting on the implications of contemporary investigations of violence arising from armed conflicts.This study will enhance the current research on the Spanish Civil War, highlight the historical value of the Arkadi Ossuary and contribute to human right causes of contemporary conflicts by offering a new methodological approach.