Compliance with location monitoring (GPS) conditions in the criminal justice process

自20世纪90年代以来，电子监控（EM）一直是英格兰和威尔士刑事司法的一个特点，但使用全球定位系统（GPS）的位置监控直到最近才被引入。它可用于预审、判刑和提前释放安排的一部分。它的引入为刑事司法机构监测个人行踪和/或其在社区中遵守一系列条件的可用工具提供了重要补充。这标志着刑事司法机构在远程跟踪大量个人的行动方面的能力发生了重大变化，从而能够更密切地监测对条件的遵守情况，同时减少对稀缺人力资源的依赖。地点监测有可能大大增加刑事司法机构的影响范围，从而引起相当大的道德和人权问题。该项目是与负责监督位置监控（LM）和电子监控服务（EMS）实施的女王陛下监狱和缓刑服务局（HMPPS）的电子监控（EM）局合作进行的，电子监控服务（EMS）是运营EM的私人承包商。这将是第一个在刑事司法系统中使用位置监控（GPS）技术的非监禁选项的合规性实证研究。它试图了解地点监测是否以及以何种方式增加对刑事司法系统非拘禁措施的遵守。它将采用混合方法，利用文件、行政和访谈数据。该项目将利用并增加对刑事司法合规的概念和理论辩论以及关于合规和监管的更广泛辩论的经验理解。该项目还将涉及有关技术支持的遵守和监督研究的跨学科文献。预计该项目的研究结果将通过提高合作伙伴和更广泛的新兴市场社区目前的知识水平，影响新兴市场的政策和做法。该项目包括定期与伦敦和曼彻斯特的项目合作伙伴共度时光，包括项目前六个月的两周。该项目还将涉及过夜和非社交时间，因为大多数与新兴市场相关的活动都在晚上进行。

Electronic monitoring (EM) has been a feature of criminal justice in England and Wales since the 1990s, but location monitoring, using Global Positioning Schemes (GPS), has only recently been introduced. It is available for use pre-trial, as a sentence and as part of early release arrangements. Its introduction represents a significant addition to the tools available to criminal justice agencies to monitor individuals' whereabouts and/or their compliance with a range of conditions whilst in the community. It signals a step change in the capacity of criminal justice agencies to track the movements of large numbers of individuals remotely, allowing compliance with conditions to be more closely monitored with less reliance on scarce human resources. Location monitoring has the potential to significantly increase the reach of criminal justice agencies resulting in considerable ethical and human rights concerns. The project is a collaboration with Electronic Monitoring (EM) Directorate at Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) responsible for overseeing the implementation of location monitoring (LM) and Electronic Monitoring Services (EMS), the private contractor who operates EM. It will be first empirical study of compliance with non-custodial options using location monitoring (GPS) technologies in the criminal justice system. It seeks to understand whether, and in what ways, location monitoring increases compliance with non-custodial measures in the criminal justice system. It will adopt a mixed methods approach utilising documentary, administrative and interview data. The project will utilise, and add empirical understanding to, the conceptual and theoretical debates on compliance within criminal justice as well as to broader debates on compliance and regulation. The project will also engage with the interdisciplinary literature on technological enabled compliance and surveillance studies. The project findings are expected to influence EM policy and practice by enhancing the current level of knowledge for the partners and wider EM community.The project involves spending time on a regular basis with the project partners in London and Manchester, including two weeks during the first six months of the project. The project will also involve both overnight stays and unsocial hours as most activity relating to EM takes place in the evenings.