Renal Volume Measurement to Detect Early Kidney Disease

肾容量测量可检测早期肾脏疾病

• 批准号: 6670479
• 负责人: W CHARLES O'NEILL
• 金额: $ 15.2万
• 依托单位: EMORY UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2003-08-01 至 2005-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6670479
• 关键词: chronic renal failure; clinical research; computed axial tomography; diagnosis design /evaluation; diagnosis quality /standard; early diagnosis; glomerular filtration rate; high performance liquid chromatography; human subject; kidney disorder diagnosis; kidney function; kidney imaging /visualization; mathematics; renal tubule; ultrasonography

The oral cavity serves two essential roles in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. First, the oral mucosae, particularly tonsils, may provide a target of primary HIV-1 transmission from mother to infant through exposure to vaginal fluids at birth and to breast milk after birth and during passive oral sex among men. Second, tonsils may serve a less well-appreciated but no less critical role as the inductive sites for mucosal and systemic immune responses that can provide protection against HIV-1 transmission at both local and distant sites, particularly the cervicovaginal mucosae. In this defensive role, the oropharynx offers a unique window to characterize the efficiency of mucosal immune responses and confers an accessible and acceptable route for mucosal immunization. Thus, we propose to characterize responses to nasal immunization with a viral vaccine at local and distant mucosal sites (oropharynx and vagina), and in the systemic circulation. We propose that by understanding the inductive requirements and the anatomic distribution of these humeral and cellular responses, we will provide a clinical and immunologic basis for the development of effective mucosal vaccination against primary HIV-1 infection. Our concept is to provide protection at the mucosa, before infection is established, with a systemic component for added security. We will employ an RNA virus vaccine model (mucosal live attenuated influenzavirus) to advance the viability of such an approach as appropriate HIV-1 vaccine antigens become available (e.g., stable immunogenic oligomeric gp120/gp41; DNA-protein or-vector vaccines). Hypotheses: 1) Qrophayngeal immunization induces functional antiviral immune responses at local and distal mucosal sites and in blood; 2) Mucosal immunization elicits both humeral responses in the mucosa and CTL responses in the systemic compartment; and 3) Tonsils serve as the primary inductive sites for oropharyngeal immunization, and their absence will compromise local, vaginal, and systemic responses.

口腔在 HIV-1 感染的发病机制中发挥着两个重要作用。首先，口腔粘膜，特别是扁桃体，可能是通过出生时接触阴道液体、出生后接触母乳以及男性被动口交期间接触母乳而从母亲向婴儿传播 HIV-1 的主要目标。其次，扁桃体作为粘膜和全身免疫反应的诱导位点，可能发挥着不太为人所知但同样重要的作用，可以在局部和远处（尤其是宫颈阴道粘膜）提供针对 HIV-1 传播的保护。在这种防御作用中，口咽提供了一个独特的窗口来表征粘膜免疫反应的效率，并为粘膜免疫提供了可及且可接受的途径。因此，我们建议描述局部和远处粘膜部位（口咽和阴道）以及体循环中病毒疫苗对鼻腔免疫的反应。我们建议通过理解归纳要求和 通过研究这些肱骨和细胞反应的解剖学分布，我们将为开发针对原发性 HIV-1 感染的有效粘膜疫苗接种提供临床和免疫学基础。我们的理念是在感染发生之前为粘膜提供保护，并采用全身成分来增加安全性。当合适的 HIV-1 疫苗抗原可用时（例如稳定的免疫原性寡聚 gp120/gp41；DNA 蛋白或载体疫苗），我们将采用 RNA 病毒疫苗模型（粘膜活减毒流感病毒）来提高这种方法的可行性。假设： 1) 咽部免疫诱导局部和远端粘膜部位以及血液中的功能性抗病毒免疫反应； 2）粘膜免疫引起粘膜中的肱骨反应和粘膜中的CTL反应 全身室；和 3) 扁桃体是口咽免疫的主要诱导位点，其缺失将损害局部、阴道和全身反应。