Trends in food consumption patterns of Americans

描述(由申请人提供)：1999-2000年国家健康和营养检查调查的最新数据表明，美国人口中肥胖率不断上升的趋势仍在继续。这些趋势反映了美国人口持续的正能量平衡。生态数据表明，在过去30年中，能源摄入量有所增加，而能源支出却没有随之增加。能量摄入的增加可能是多种因素造成的，但人们对此知之甚少。生物行为因素，如食用离家准备的食物和大份食物，目前正受到关注，可能是增加能量摄入量的因素。然而，在过去的三十年里，不断扩大的食品供应，激进的食品营销，以及工作和休闲行为的变化，可能会影响其他几种与食物相关的行为，这些行为可能与能量摄入有关，从而影响能量平衡。这些食物消费行为包括饮食多样性和能量密度；进食事件/零食的频率；早餐和晚上的进食模式。然而，令人惊讶的是，人们对这些食物消费行为的趋势知之甚少。因此，这项拟议研究的总体目标是检查1971-2002年食物消费模式的趋势(反映在饮食种类和能量密度、进食事件/零食、早餐和晚上/夜间进食行为的频率)，以了解它们对美国人口能量摄入和日益增加的肥胖症的潜在贡献。因此，我们将检验这些假设：1)食物消费模式(饮食种类和能量密度，进食次数/零食频率，早餐，晚上/夜间进食行为)是美国成年人自我报告的饮食能量摄入量、肥胖指数和生物标志物的独立预测因子；2)食物消费模式从1971-2002年发生了变化；3)从1971-2002年食物消费模式的长期变化与1971-2002年能量摄入量和肥胖指数的长期变化有关。我们将使用来自国家健康和营养调查I(1971-74)、II(1976-1980)、III(1988-1994)和1999-2002的具有全国代表性的数据来检验这些假设。对不断变化的食物消费模式进行审查，有助于理解增加能量摄入量的相关性，并使公共和私营部门能够设计和确定适当的干预措施。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Recent data from the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicate a continuation of the trend for increasing prevalence of obesity in the US population. These trends reflect a persistent positive energy balance in the US population. Ecologic data suggest that energy intakes in the past three decades have increased without a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. Multiple factors are probably responsible for the increase in energy intake, but are poorly understood. Bio-behavioral factors such as consumption of foods prepared away from home and large portion sizes are currently receiving attention as possible contributors to increasing energy intake. However, an expanding food supply, aggressive food marketing, and changes in work and leisure behaviors over the past three decades may be expected to influence several other food related behaviors that may relate to energy intake and thus affect energy balance. These food consumption behaviors include dietary variety and energy density; frequency of eating episodes/snacking; breakfast, and evening/night eating patterns. Surprisingly little, however, is known about trends in these food consumption behaviors. Therefore, the overall objective of the proposed study is to examine trends in patterns of food consumption (as reflected in dietary variety and energy density, frequency of eating episodes/snacking, breakfast, and evening/night eating behaviors) from 1971-2002, to understand their potential contribution to energy intake and increasing adiposity of the US population. Accordingly, we will test these hypotheses: 1) patterns of food consumption (dietary variety and energy density, frequency of eating episodes/snacking, and breakfast, evening/night eating behaviors) are independent predictors of self-reported dietary energy intake, indices of adiposity, and biomarkers in the adult US population, 2) the patterns of food consumption have changed from 1971 to 2002, and 3) the secular changes in patterns of food consumption from 1971-2002 are associated with secular changes in energy intake and indices of adiposity from 1971-2002. We will use nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I (1971-74), II (1976-1980), III (1988-1994), and 1999-2002, to examine these hypotheses. An examination of changing patterns of food consumption can help in understanding the correlates of increasing energy intake and permit designing and targeting of suitable interventions by both the public and the private sectors.