Lindisfarne Landscapes: Geoarchaeological Approaches to Human-Environment Relations

该项目将使用一套跨学科的地质考古方法来调查林迪斯法恩圣岛的景观演变，并重建盎格鲁-撒克逊和中世纪时期的环境和土地利用，当时该岛是欧洲最重要的修道院遗址之一。林迪斯法恩圣岛是英格兰东北部诺森伯兰海岸的一个潮汐小岛。它最为人所知的是一座重要的盎格鲁-撒克逊修道院的所在地，公元635年由诺森布里亚国王奥斯瓦尔德和来自爱奥纳的僧侣圣艾丹建立，并作为圣卡斯伯特崇拜的焦点，直到9世纪末维京人袭击修道院后，他的遗物被转移到大陆。该岛的考古还包括从中石器时代起的史前特征，一个池塘(湖)，一个被称为绿盾的九到十世纪在岛屿北部的定居点，一个中世纪修道院和村庄，一个后中世纪的城堡和军事要塞，早期现代石灰石采石场，窑和马车，以及一个渔港(Walsh 1993；Walsh等人)。1995年；诺森伯兰县议会和英国遗产委员会，2009年；佩茨，2015年)。自2016年以来，达勒姆大学和DigVentures在岛上进行的地球物理和考古发掘主要集中在中世纪修道院东南的盎格鲁-撒克逊修道院的推测位置，以及村庄以西的开阔田野。这些揭示了13世纪以来早期的中世纪墓地和工业活动区、田地系统和中世纪的占领(Petts 2017；Wilkins等人。2017年；卡斯韦尔2018年)。盎格鲁-撒克逊修道院和中世纪修道院和村庄以外的更广泛的景观仍然了解得很少，尽管很明显，今天的景观与中世纪早期时期的景观有很大不同，这是由于中世纪晚期沙丘的侵蚀，自18世纪90年代以来修道院附近的田地被围封和泻湖被堵塞，以及18世纪以来村庄的扩建(Walsh等人)。1995年；Wilson et al.2001年；Petts 2017)。然而，最近由中世纪聚落研究小组、达勒姆大学和DigVentures资助的一项地质考古评估表明，由于风沙掩埋了土壤和湿地，圣岛具有重建中世纪早期景观和土地利用的极大潜力。这一博士项目构成了林迪斯法恩正在进行的考古和环境研究的重要新组成部分。这位博士生将使用一套跨学科的地质考古方法，对圣岛的土壤和沉积物档案进行调查、采样和分析，以模拟景观是如何随着时间的推移而演变的，以及人类住区和土地利用以及中世纪和后中世纪的沙流是如何影响圣岛的。这个项目是一个独特的机会，有助于了解寺院社区及其租户如何体验和与环境互动。

Project OverviewThis project will use an interdisciplinary suite of geoarchaeological methods to investigate the landscape evolution of the Holy Island of Lindisfarne, and to reconstruct the environment and land-use during the Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods, when the island was home to one of the most important monastic sites in Europe.Holy Island of Lindisfarne is a small tidal island on the Northumberland coast, in northeast England. It is best known as the site of an important Anglo-Saxon monastery founded in AD 635 by King Oswald of Northumbria and St Aidan, a monk from Iona, and as the focus for the cult of St Cuthbert until his relics were moved to the mainland in the late ninth century in the wake of Viking attacks on the monastery. The archaeology of the island also includes prehistoric features from the Mesolithic onwards, a pond (The Lough), a ninth- to tenth-century settlement in the north part of the island known as Green Shiel, an medieval priory and village, a post-medieval castle and military fort, early modern limestone quarries, kilns and waggonways, and a fishing harbour (Walsh 1993; Walsh et al. 1995; Northumberland County Council and English Heritage 2009; Petts 2015). Since 2016, geophysical and archaeological excavations on the island by Durham University and DigVentures have focussed primarily on the presumed location of the Anglo-Saxon monastery to the southeast of the medieval priory church that remains visible today, and open fields west of the village. These have revealed an early medieval cemetery and industrial activity areas, field systems, and medieval occupation from the 13th century onwards (Petts 2017; Wilkins et al. 2017; Casswell 2018). The wider landscape beyond the Anglo-Saxon monastery and the medieval priory and village remain poorly understood, although it is clear that today's landscape is substantially different from that of the early-medieval period due to late-medieval sand dune encroachment, the enclosure of fields and blocking of a lagoon near the priory from the 1790s, and the expansion of the village in and since the eighteenth century (Walsh et al. 1995; Wilson et al. 2001; Petts 2017). However, a recent geoarchaeological assessment funded by the Medieval Settlement Research Group, Durham University and DigVentures, has shown that there is excellent potential to reconstruct the early medieval landscape and land-use of Holy Island due to the burial of soils and wetlands by windblown sand. This PhD project forms an essential new component of the ongoing archaeological and environmental research at Lindisfarne. Using an interdisciplinary suite of geoarchaeological methods, the PhD student will survey, sample, and analyse the soil and sediment archive on Holy Island in order to model how the landscape has evolved over time, and how it has been impacted by human settlement and land-use, and by medieval and post-medieval sand drift. This project represents a unique opportunity to contribute to the understanding of how a monastic community and its tenants experience and interacted with the environment.