Lindisfarne Landscapes: Geoarchaeological Approaches to Human-Environment Relations

项目概述本项目将使用一套跨学科的地质考古学方法来调查林迪斯法恩圣岛的景观演变，并重建盎格鲁-撒克逊和中世纪时期的环境和土地使用，当时该岛是欧洲最重要的修道院遗址之一。林迪斯法恩圣岛是英格兰东北部诺森伯兰海岸的一个小潮汐岛。它最著名的是一个重要的盎格鲁-撒克逊修道院的网站在公元635年由诺森布里亚的奥斯瓦尔德国王和圣艾丹，一个和尚从艾奥纳，并作为重点的圣卡斯伯特邪教，直到他的遗物被转移到大陆在世纪后期后，维京海盗攻击修道院。岛上的考古学还包括从中石器时代开始的史前特征，一个池塘，（The Lough），一个九世纪至十世纪的定居点，位于该岛北部，被称为绿色希尔，中世纪的修道院和村庄，后中世纪的城堡和军事堡垒，早期现代的石灰石采石场，窑炉和马车道，以及一个渔港（沃尔什，1993;沃尔什等人，1995;诺森伯兰郡理事会和英国遗产，2009; Pennsylvania，2015）。自2016年以来，达勒姆大学和DigVentures在岛上进行的地球物理和考古发掘主要集中在盎格鲁-撒克逊修道院的假定位置，该修道院位于中世纪修道院教堂的东南部，今天仍然可见，以及村庄以西的开阔地。这些研究揭示了中世纪早期的墓地和工业活动区、田野系统以及从13世纪世纪开始的中世纪占领（Pennsylvania 2017; Wilkins et al. 2017; Casswell 2018）。盎格鲁-撒克逊修道院和中世纪修道院和村庄以外的更广泛的景观仍然知之甚少，尽管很明显，今天的景观与中世纪早期的景观有很大的不同，这是由于中世纪晚期的沙丘侵蚀，18世纪90年代修道院附近的田地被围起来，泻湖被封锁，以及世纪以来村庄的扩张（沃尔什等人，1995年;威尔逊等人，2001年; Pennsylvania，2017年）。然而，最近由中世纪定居点研究小组，达勒姆大学和DigVentures资助的一项地质考古评估表明，由于风沙掩埋了土壤和湿地，重建圣岛中世纪早期景观和土地使用的潜力很大。这个博士项目是Lindisfarne正在进行的考古和环境研究的重要新组成部分。使用一套跨学科的地质考古方法，博士生将调查，采样和分析圣岛的土壤和沉积物档案，以模拟景观如何随着时间的推移而演变，以及它如何受到人类定居和土地利用的影响，以及中世纪和后中世纪的流沙。这个项目代表了一个独特的机会，有助于理解一个寺院社区及其租户如何体验和与环境互动。

Project OverviewThis project will use an interdisciplinary suite of geoarchaeological methods to investigate the landscape evolution of the Holy Island of Lindisfarne, and to reconstruct the environment and land-use during the Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods, when the island was home to one of the most important monastic sites in Europe.Holy Island of Lindisfarne is a small tidal island on the Northumberland coast, in northeast England. It is best known as the site of an important Anglo-Saxon monastery founded in AD 635 by King Oswald of Northumbria and St Aidan, a monk from Iona, and as the focus for the cult of St Cuthbert until his relics were moved to the mainland in the late ninth century in the wake of Viking attacks on the monastery. The archaeology of the island also includes prehistoric features from the Mesolithic onwards, a pond (The Lough), a ninth- to tenth-century settlement in the north part of the island known as Green Shiel, an medieval priory and village, a post-medieval castle and military fort, early modern limestone quarries, kilns and waggonways, and a fishing harbour (Walsh 1993; Walsh et al. 1995; Northumberland County Council and English Heritage 2009; Petts 2015). Since 2016, geophysical and archaeological excavations on the island by Durham University and DigVentures have focussed primarily on the presumed location of the Anglo-Saxon monastery to the southeast of the medieval priory church that remains visible today, and open fields west of the village. These have revealed an early medieval cemetery and industrial activity areas, field systems, and medieval occupation from the 13th century onwards (Petts 2017; Wilkins et al. 2017; Casswell 2018). The wider landscape beyond the Anglo-Saxon monastery and the medieval priory and village remain poorly understood, although it is clear that today's landscape is substantially different from that of the early-medieval period due to late-medieval sand dune encroachment, the enclosure of fields and blocking of a lagoon near the priory from the 1790s, and the expansion of the village in and since the eighteenth century (Walsh et al. 1995; Wilson et al. 2001; Petts 2017). However, a recent geoarchaeological assessment funded by the Medieval Settlement Research Group, Durham University and DigVentures, has shown that there is excellent potential to reconstruct the early medieval landscape and land-use of Holy Island due to the burial of soils and wetlands by windblown sand. This PhD project forms an essential new component of the ongoing archaeological and environmental research at Lindisfarne. Using an interdisciplinary suite of geoarchaeological methods, the PhD student will survey, sample, and analyse the soil and sediment archive on Holy Island in order to model how the landscape has evolved over time, and how it has been impacted by human settlement and land-use, and by medieval and post-medieval sand drift. This project represents a unique opportunity to contribute to the understanding of how a monastic community and its tenants experience and interacted with the environment.