Design and development of the HARMONI spectrograph and study of Jovian satellites

本文的重点是推进HARMONI的设计，HARMONI是目前由欧洲南方天文台（ESO）建造的39米超大望远镜（ELT）的第一台光积分场光谱仪。HARMONI将产生的数据将使天文学和太阳系科学在2025年第一次发光后进行突破性的研究。该论文项目对大型乐器的成功做出了重大贡献，因此将对HARMONI在未来几年的研究产生重大影响。在此基础上，本文提出了构建国际影响力的战略主题。此外，通过推进构建此类仪器所需的技术和方法，该项目将改善未来仪器的结果。论文项目包括使用ESO VLT上的MUSE仪器对木星卫星进行观测研究，目的是确定它们的表面成分并更好地了解积分场光谱。这项研究属于天文与空间科学技术研究领域，是HARMONI科学团队探索太阳系应用仪器的一部分。用MUSE进行观测也凸显了这类仪器在该研究领域产生高质量科学数据的最高要求。此外，该项目通过推进在低温下组装折射相机所需的实验室技术，直接促进了HARMONI的成功。这些技术通过改进的过程控制和广泛的实验室测试，建立在KMOS的传统之上。这项实验工作是与牛津大学HARMONI团队成员和STFC的RAL空间合作完成的。本文还包括对商用技术在HARMONI中使用的适用性的实验研究。研究了宽带介质反射涂层的性能和低温生存能力。如果成功，这些涂层将显著增加到达HARMONI探测器的科学光的比例。另一项研究使用专门建造的辐射测量装置来测量衍射光栅的光学特性，衍射光栅是整个仪器的关键部件，在可见光和红外波长。这些研究是与旭光谱、光学巴尔查斯、Wasatch Photonics、凯撒光学、佳能和堀场等公司合作完成的。本文的部分重点是低温相机的方法和商业可用技术的适用性，属于粒子物理或天文学研究领域的仪器，并推进了发展先进技术的战略主题。

This thesis focuses on advancing the design of HARMONI, the first light integral field spectrograph for the 39 metre Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) currently being built by the European Southern Observatory (ESO). HARMONI will produce data which will enable ground breaking investigations in Astronomy and Solar System Science following the first light in 2025. This thesis project contributes significantly to the success of the larger instrument and will therefore have a high impact on the research which will be enabled by HARMONI in the coming years. In this way, the thesis advances the Building International Influence strategic theme. Additionally, by advancing the technologies and methods required to build such instruments, this project will improve the outcomes of future instruments.The thesis project includes an observational investigation of Jovian moons using the MUSE instrument on ESO's VLT with the objectives of determining their surface composition and better understanding integral field spectroscopy. This research falls within the Astronomy & Space Science Technology research area and is done as part of the HARMONI science team's exploration of Solar System applications for the instrument. Observing with MUSE also highlights the top level requirements for this type of instrument to produce high quality scientific data in this research area.Additionally, this project contributes directly to the success of HARMONI by advancing laboratory techniques required to assemble refractive cameras operating at cryogenic temperatures. These techniques build on the legacy of KMOS through improved process control and extensive laboratory testing. This experimental work is done in collaboration with members of the HARMONI team at the University of Oxford and STFC's RAL Space.This thesis also includes experimental investigations into the suitability of commercially available technologies for use in HARMONI. One study looks into the performance and cryogenic survivability of broadband dielectric reflective coatings. If successful, these coatings will significantly increase the fraction of scientific light reaching the detectors in HARMONI. Another study uses a purpose-built radiometric setup to measure optical properties of diffraction gratings, components critical to the overall instrument, at visible and infrared wavelengths. These investigations are done in collaboration with companies including Asahi Spectra, Optics Balzers, Wasatch Photonics, Kaiser Optical, Canon, and Horiba.The portions of this thesis focused on methods for the cryogenic cameras and the suitability of commercially available technologies fall within the Instrumentation for Particle Physics or Astronomy research area and advance the Developing Advanced Technologies strategic theme.