Investigating how different aspects of physical activity are associated with brain health throughout different life stages.

缺乏运动仍然是全球早期发病率和死亡率的主要原因[1-3]。大量文献表明，疾病途径中存在缺乏运动的现象，这促使英国引入运动处方来解决这一问题[4，5]。现在越来越多的证据表明，体育锻炼对认知和心理健康都有积极影响[6-18]。干预措施暗示，体力活动是减少焦虑和抑郁症状[19-23]和改善福祉[24-26]的一种手段。体育活动也与认知储备的建立有关，这有助于延缓认知衰退在晚年的开始[9，10，14，27-33]，然而，关于这种联系的方向性的证据仍在仔细研究[34]。该领域的大多数证据都是有限的，依赖于较短的后续窗口，或者使用自我报告的体力活动测量，这限制了这些发现的使用。此外，众所周知，积累体力活动的方式是减缓任何观察到的心理和认知益处的重要因素[26，35]。参与体力活动的个人之间也有很大差异[18、36-38]，从早年起社会经济领域就出现了很大的差异，儿童和青少年肥胖症的参与度较低，可能与终身身心健康较差有关[39-45]。此外，身体活动的所有方面，包括强度、娱乐和体育活动，在整个生命过程中似乎都在减少[18]，在关键时期显著下降，因此可能会对以后的生活中的认知、心理健康和福祉产生影响[46-51]。鉴于生命过程中个体内部和个体之间不同的体育活动偏好、频率和强度，以及关于不同体育活动类型对大脑健康的影响的越来越多的证据，研究试图通过以下方式为这一领域做出贡献：i)利用1970年出生队列[52]和英国区域心脏研究[53]，使用生命过程不同时期的客观和自我报告的体育活动测量，调查定期体育活动与良好认知和心理结果之间关系的性质和强度。二)探讨体力活动不同方面的联系，包括24小时运动模式的不同构成对认知和心理结果的影响。

Physical inactivity remains a principal cause of early morbidity and mortality globally [1-3]. The abundance of literature implicating physical inactivity in disease pathways has prompted introduction of physical activity prescribing in the UK to address this problem [4, 5]. Evidence is now mounting as to the positive impacts of physical activity on both cognition and psychological health [6-18]. Interventions have implicated physical activity as a means of reducing anxiety and depressive symptoms [19-23] and improving wellbeing [24-26]. Physical activity engagement has also been linked to the building of cognitive reserve which helps to delay the onset of cognitive decline in later life [9, 10, 14, 27-33], however, evidence regarding the directionality of this association remains under scrutiny [34]. Most evidence in the field is limited, relying on short follow-up windows, or using self-reported measures of physical activity, which limits the use of these findings. Furthermore, the means by which physical activity is accrued is known to be an important factor in moderating any observed psychological and cognitive benefits [26, 35]. Engagement in physical activity also shows significant variation between individuals [18, 36-38] with strong differences seen across the socioeconomic spectrum from an early age with lower engagement associated with childhood and adolescent obesity and possible links to worse lifelong physical and mental health [39-45]. Furthermore all aspects of physical activity including intensity, recreational and sports engagement appear to decrease throughout the life course [18] with significant drops at critical periods, which may therefore have consequences for cognition, mental health and wellbeing later in life [46-51]. Given the varied preferences, frequency, and intensity of physical activity engagement both within and between individuals across the life course, and the mounting evidence as to the consequences of different physical activity types for good brain health, study seeks to contribute to this field by:i) Investigating the nature and strength of the relationship between regular physical activity engagement and good cognitive and psychological outcomes using both objective and self-reported measures of physical activity across different periods of the life course, utilising the 1970 Birth Cohort [52] & British Regional Heart Study [53]. ii) Exploring the associations of different aspects of physical activity including the varying composition of 24-hour movement patterns on cognitive and psychological outcomes.