Martyrs and Memory: The Politics of Memorialising Anti-Communist Spiritual 'Resistance' in Romania

烈士与记忆：纪念罗马尼亚反共精神“抵抗”的政治

• 批准号: 2406790
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2406790
• 关键词: Martyrs; Memory; Politics; Memorialising; Anti

My thesis examines 'spiritual memory' in post-socialist Romania, as a case study of a global phenomenon of memory politics in which histories of suffering under communism are repurposed for a new radical right populist politics. Within this new configuration, religion has played a key - but understudied - role in articulating ideas of spiritual resistance, moral crisis and martyrdom of the nation. This thesis will focus on the case study of Romania in both local and transnational context to explore the production of memory of spiritual resistance and its role in shaping post-communist politics, especially through the Romanian Orthodox Church. It will also focus on Romania as one of a number of centres for the circulation of anti-communist ideas, whihc have shaped new right-wing political formations, highlighting links particularly with France and the US.Research questions1. What stories of anti-communist spiritual resistance have become memorialized in Romania and how?I analyse the emergence, through memoirs and oral history, of accounts of religious suffering, and the selective memorialisation of political prisons and Orthodox nationalism. Focussing on a few case studies, I examine how such stories have become martyrologies embedded in public culture and the political field, harnessed by political parties in an exclusionary nationalist Orthodox rhetoric, promoted by BOR and opposed by anti-fascist organisations. This will highlight distinctive Orthodox memory production, and how the Romanian radical right uses the church to produce new forms of memory and identity (Andreescu 2015).2. How does memory of anti-communist spiritual resistance interact with European populist memory politics?I focus on the strong links between Romania and France, examining French and émigré communities' involvement in developing Romanian martyrologies, and French intellectuals and politicians who draw on Romanian discourse. I show how de-individualised martyr memory contributes to European discourses comparing communism and the Holocaust (Neumayer, 2019), and how sacred memory legitimizes the challenge of 'true spiritual Europe' against liberal transition narratives. I thereby place the current moment within longer-term claims of Eastern Europe as spiritually superior to the West. 3. How does this case study contribute to a transnational study of spiritual memory?Finally I consider how Romanian martyrologies reflect and contribute to radical right populist movements globally. I analyse the anti-liberal, anti-communist critiques of prisoners-turned-priests who moved to the US, and their embrace by US ultra-conservative evangelical organisations involved in Romania. I explore how spiritual memory provides a powerful political language that draws on collective identity and affect to express victimization and active witness to a model critical of both socialist and liberal politics, a language now used by populists worldwide for the defence of the West against Islamism or 'gender ideology'. MethodologyI employ oral history archives, memoirs and my own interviews, focussing on case studies of several 'prison saints', to explore the power of selective memory to shape political consciousness. Besides moving beyond the methodological nationalism still dominant in memory studies (De and Rigney 2014), an original aspect of my approach will be incorporating theological material into the interdisciplinary study of political memory.

我的论文探讨“精神记忆”在后社会主义罗马尼亚，作为记忆政治的全球现象，在共产主义下的苦难历史被重新利用为一个新的激进的右翼民粹主义政治的案例研究。在这一新的格局中，宗教在阐述精神抵抗、道德危机和民族殉难的思想方面发挥了关键作用，但未得到充分研究。本论文将集中在罗马尼亚的个案研究，在本地和跨国背景下，探讨生产的精神抵抗的记忆及其在塑造后共产主义政治的作用，特别是通过罗马尼亚东正教。此外，本书还将重点介绍罗马尼亚作为反共思想传播中心之一的情况，这些思想塑造了新的右翼政治组织，特别是与法国和美国的联系。研究问题1。在罗马尼亚，什么样的反共产主义精神抵抗的故事被纪念？我分析的出现，通过回忆录和口述历史，宗教苦难的帐户，以及政治监狱和东正教民族主义的选择性纪念。专注于几个案例研究，我研究如何这样的故事已经成为martyrologies嵌入在公共文化和政治领域，利用政党在一个排他性的民族主义东正教的言论，由BOR促进和反对反法西斯组织。这将突出独特的东正教记忆生产，以及罗马尼亚激进右翼如何利用教会来生产新形式的记忆和身份（Andreescu 2015）。反共精神抵抗的记忆如何与欧洲民粹主义记忆政治相互作用？我专注于罗马尼亚和法国之间的紧密联系，研究法国和移民社区参与发展罗马尼亚martyrologies，和法国知识分子和政治家谁利用罗马尼亚的话语。我展示了去个人化的烈士记忆如何有助于欧洲话语比较共产主义和大屠杀（Neumayer，2019），以及神圣的记忆如何使“真正的精神欧洲”对自由主义过渡叙事的挑战合法化。因此，我将当前的时刻置于东欧在精神上上级西方的长期主张中。3.这个个案研究如何有助于精神记忆的跨国研究？最后，我认为罗马尼亚martyrologies如何反映和促进全球激进的右翼民粹主义运动。我分析了反自由主义，反共批评囚犯转向牧师谁搬到美国，他们的拥抱由美国极端保守的福音派组织参与罗马尼亚。我探讨精神记忆如何提供一个强大的政治语言，利用集体身份和影响力来表达受害和积极见证一个模式的批评社会主义和自由主义政治，一种语言，现在使用的全球民粹主义者对伊斯兰主义或“性别意识形态”的西方辩护。方法我采用口述历史档案，回忆录和我自己的采访，集中在几个“监狱圣徒”的案例研究，探索选择性记忆塑造政治意识的力量。除了超越记忆研究中仍然占主导地位的方法论民族主义（De and Rigney 2014）之外，我的方法的一个原创方面将是将神学材料纳入政治记忆的跨学科研究。