Experiences of Individuals Who Have had Illicit Images Shared Without Their Consent

未经同意分享非法图像的个人的经历

• 批准号: 2433354
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of York
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2433354
• 关键词: Experiences; Individuals; Who; had; Illicit

In the age of social media and the smartphone, it has never been easier to take and transfer images to a huge number of people across the globe. Similarly, it has never been easier for individuals to create and access sexually explicit material. In 2015, a new law was introduced in the UK to make sharing private sexual images without consent punishable by up to 2 years in prison. This law was created to criminalise an act popularly defined as 'revenge porn', defined as the circulation of sexual images without the subject's consent. The images themselves may have been taken without consent, consensually taken but shared beyond the subject's approval, or taken and distributed as aresult of hacking. Since the law was passed, reporting of the crime has increased considerably, and incidences frequently make headlines. From the celebrity iCloud hack that released hundreds of private sexual images of female celebrities, to individuals who have found themselves the victim of non-consensual image sharing, it seems that anyone can be made a victim. Predictably, the repercussions of having illicit images shared without consent can be severe. This research project aims to interview individuals who have had illicit images of themselves shared online without their consent. It would aim to explore the severity that the release of these images had on the individuals, including repercussions on their mental health, their careers, and their relationships with others. Additionally, it would question what steps (if any) the individual took to take control of these images and find justice. This could be a formal proceeding, such as reporting the incident to the police, or reporting the images to the hosted website. It could also include informal actions, such as confronting the perpetrator directly. Finally, it would aim to examine if the sharing of these images has caused changes to the behaviour of the individual - for instance, have they changed their image sharing habits. The study would offer much needed insight into the experiences of those victimised by this crime and could offer evidence that improved support or legislation is needed. Studying the non-consensual sharing of sexual images is made all the more important by its taboo nature. By interviewing individuals affected by this crime, the study will give voice to people who may feel uncomfortable or incapable discussing their experiences under normal circumstances. Furthermore, as legislation criminalising the act is so recent, this study will contribute to assessing the effectiveness of the law, a question which is lacking in other studies. Do those who have experienced the offence feel that the law has defended them appropriately? There have been only a few studies regarding individuals with these experiences - as the act of sharing images online without consent is so recent, there is much less literature on this topic than other sexual crimes. Therefore, this study intends to contribute to the work of others, helping to create a more comprehensive and well-rounded picture of what it means to fall victim to this crime. The participants for this study must be individuals over the age of 18, who claim to have had illicit images of themselves shared without their consent. Although some similar studies focus on the experiences of women, no gender restrictions will be placed for this project, as it could result in the elimination of eligible male participants and the loss of a valuable perspective. Every effort would be made to recruit participants across a wide range of demographics, including age, ethnicity, and religion. Data for this study will be collected via qualitative interviews, to best gain information regarding the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the individual. Additionally, the research project would take great care to handle such a sensitive topic to the highest of ethical considerations, minimising harm for the participant as much as possible.

在社交媒体和智能手机的时代，拍摄照片并将其传输给全球大量的人变得前所未有地容易。同样，对个人来说，创作和获取露骨的性材料也从未像现在这样容易。2015年，英国出台了一项新法律，规定未经同意分享私人性爱照片最高可判处2年监禁。这项法律的制定是为了将通常被定义为“复仇色情”的行为定为刑事犯罪，这一定义是指在未经当事人同意的情况下传播性图像。这些图像本身可能是未经同意拍摄的，可能是双方自愿拍摄但未经主体批准分享的，或者是由于黑客攻击而拍摄和传播的。自该法律通过以来，有关犯罪的举报数量大幅增加，事件经常成为头条新闻。从发布数百张女性名人私密性爱照片的名人iCloud黑客事件，到发现自己成为非自愿照片分享受害者的个人，似乎任何人都可以成为受害者。可以预见的是，未经同意共享非法图像的后果可能是严重的。这项研究项目旨在采访那些在未经同意的情况下在网上分享自己非法照片的个人。它的目的是探索这些照片的发布对个人的严重程度，包括对他们的心理健康、他们的职业生涯和他们与他人的关系的影响。此外，它还会质疑个人采取了哪些步骤(如果有的话)来控制这些图像并伸张正义。这可能是一个正式的程序，比如向警方报告事件，或向托管网站报告图像。它还可以包括非正式行动，例如直接与犯罪者对质。最后，它的目标是检查这些照片的分享是否导致了个人行为的变化--例如，他们是否改变了分享照片的习惯。这项研究将为了解这一罪行受害者的经历提供亟需的洞察，并可能提供证据，表明需要改进支持或立法。由于其禁忌性质，研究性图像的非自愿共享变得更加重要。通过采访受这一犯罪影响的个人，这项研究将让那些可能感到不舒服或没有能力谈论他们在正常情况下的经历的人发出声音。此外，由于将这一行为定为刑事犯罪的立法是最近才进行的，这项研究将有助于评估法律的有效性，这是其他研究缺乏的一个问题。那些经历过这种罪行的人是否认为法律已经为他们提供了适当的辩护？关于有过这些经历的个人的研究很少，因为未经同意在网上分享图片的行为是最近才发生的，与其他性犯罪相比，关于这一主题的文献要少得多。因此，这项研究旨在为其他人的工作做出贡献，帮助创建一幅更全面、更全面的图景，说明成为这一罪行的受害者意味着什么。这项研究的参与者必须是18岁以上的人，他们声称在未经同意的情况下分享了自己的非法图像。尽管一些类似的研究侧重于妇女的经历，但这一项目不会受到性别限制，因为这可能会导致符合条件的男性参与者被淘汰，失去一个有价值的视角。将尽一切努力招募不同人口统计数字的参与者，包括年龄、种族和宗教。这项研究的数据将通过定性访谈来收集，以最好地获得关于个人的感觉、想法和经历的信息。此外，研究项目将非常小心地以最高的伦理考虑来处理这样一个敏感的话题，尽可能地将对参与者的伤害降至最低。