Calcium Channel Gating: It Matters How You Splice It.

描述（由申请人提供）：本项目的长期目标是了解电压门控钙通道如何感知和解码调节神经递质释放的电信号和分子信号。Ca 2+通道是由α 1、α 2 δ和β亚基组成的大（约370 kDa）异源多聚体蛋白，其协同工作以控制响应于给定刺激进入神经元的Ca 2+的量。亚基形成Ca 2+通道孔（4个大的跨膜同源结构域），并由至少10个基因编码，基于结构、电生理学和药理学差异，可将其分为3个主要亚组：Cav 1、Cav 2和Cav 3。Cav 1和Cav 2是高电压激活通道，而Cav 3通道在更负的膜电位下激活。Cav 1基因表达具有L型（持久）电生理特征的通道，Cav 2基因表达P/Q、N和R型（中间持久）通道，Cav 3基因表达T型（瞬时）通道。α 1亚基作为几类治疗剂的靶标，包括抗癫痫药（地尔硫卓，L型拮抗剂）和镇痛药（齐考诺肽，来自海洋蜗牛的N型拮抗剂），以及许多肽蜘蛛毒素（例如，阿加IVA，P型拮抗剂）。Cav 2基因主要在突触中表达，由4个不同的基因编码的胞内β亚基与α 1亚基在同源结构域间连接序列上的特异性结合位点相互作用。β亚基调节Ca 2+通道表达水平，以及Ca 2+通道激活和失活的电压依赖性和动力学。我们的初步研究表明，β 4亚基N端的选择性剪接对Ca 2+通道门控具有α 1亚基亚型特异性影响。他们还表明，剪接影响通道药理学（改变对omegaCgTx GVIA的敏感性）和α 1亚基对重复刺激的反应性。因此，了解β 4选择性剪接所带来的事件的分子细节对于镇痛药物的开发以及进一步理解电压门控Ca 2+通道在突触可塑性中的作用至关重要。为此，我们最显着的初步结果，通过使用简单的方法在结构基因组学，是发现β 4亚基和突触支架（MAGUK）蛋白，PSD-95，已经从一个共同的祖先进化而来。这两种蛋白质具有非常相似的预测二级结构，并且现在可以获得PSD-95的晶体结构，现在可以进行许多β 4亚基三级结构预测。本申请的目的是确认，使用先进的核磁共振技术，我们的三级结构预测，并确定是否充分表征的PSD-95的分子间和分子内的相互作用已被保存在β 4亚基。我们的假设是，β 4亚基作为一个多模块的对接位点，为无数的蛋白质，包括钙调蛋白，激酶锚定蛋白，和PDZ结构域，并作为一个导演，传递分子信号从细胞内的门控机制的α 1亚基

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to understand how voltage-gated Ca2+ channels sense and decode electrical and molecular signals that regulate neurotransmitter release. Ca2+ channels are large (about 370 kDa) heteromultimeric proteins composed of alpha1, alpha2delta, and beta subunits that work in concert to control the amount of Ca2+ that enters a neuron in response to a given stimulus. The subunits form the Ca2+ channel pore (4 large transmembrane homology domains) and are encoded by at least ten genes that, based on structural, electrophysiological, and pharmacological differences, can be divided into three major sub-groups, Cav1, Cav2 and Cav3. Cav1 and Cav2 are high-voltage activating channels, whereas Cav3 channels activate at more negative membrane potentials. Cav1 genes express channels with L-type (long lasting) electrophysiological characteristics, Cav2 genes express P/Q, N, and R-type (intermediate lasting) channels, and Cav3 genes express T-type (transient) channels. The alpha1 subunits serve as targets for several classes of therapeutic agents, including antiarrhythmics (diltiazem, L-type antagonist) and analgesics (ziconotide, N-type antagonist from a marine snail), and for a host of peptide spider toxins (e.g., Aga IVA, P-type antagonist). Cav2 genes, which will be studied in this proposal, are expressed principally at synapses.The intracellular beta subunits, encoded by 4 distinct genes, interact with the alpha1 subunit at specific binding sites on between-homology-domain linker sequences. The beta subunits modulate Ca2+ channel expression levels, as well as the voltage dependence and kinetics of Ca2+ channel activation and inactivation. Our preliminary studies show that alternative splicing of the N-terminus of the beta4 subunit has alpha1 subunit subtype-specific effects on Ca2+ channel gating. They also show that splicing affects channel pharmacology (altered sensitivity to omegaCgTx GVIA) and responsiveness of alpha1 subunits to repetitive stimuli. Thus, understanding the molecular details of the events brought about by beta4 alternative splicing is essential for the development of analgesic drugs, and for furthering our understanding of the role that voltage-gated Ca2+ channels play in synaptic plasticity. To this end, our most remarkable preliminary result, obtained by using simple methods in structural genomics, is the discovery that the beta4 subunit and the synaptic scaffolding (MAGUK) protein, PSD-95, have evolved from a common ancestor. The two proteins share very similar predicted secondary structure, and with the crystal structure of PSD-95 now available, a number of beta4 subunit tertiary structure predictions can now be made. The objectives of this application are to confirm, using advanced NMR techniques, our tertiary structure predictions and to determine whether the well-characterized inter- and intramolecular interactions of PSD-95 have been conserved in beta4 subunits. Our hypothesis is that the beta4 subunit acts as a multi-modular docking site for a myriad of proteins, including calmodulin, kinase anchoring proteins, and PDZ domains, and serves as a director, transmitting molecular signals from inside the cell to the gating machinery of alpha1 subunits