Plants are unable to metabolise atmospheric nitrogen it requires conversion into ammoniai

植物无法代谢大气中的氮，需要转化为氨

• 批准号: 2442596
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Glasgow
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2442596
• 关键词: Plants; unable; metabolise; atmospheric; nitrogen

Plants are unable to metabolise atmospheric nitrogen it requires conversion into ammoniai. This process, known as biological nitrogen fixation, is carried out by a specialized group of biological nano-machines. Nitrogen content of soils is a key factor regarding soil fertility and productivity. At the start of the last century, the only solid natural forms of nitrogen to enrich the soil were Peruvian guano and Chilean nitrate.ii In 1913, the Haber-Bosch process changed the course of the 20thcentury allowing mass production of ammonia. Ammonia production is the base of agriculture in 2015, supporting between a 3rd and half of human food intake; despite technical improvements it still requires both high temperature (400-600 C), high pressure (20-40 MPa) that consume more than 1% of world-wideenergy production and produces greenhouse gases. Also, use of ammonia fertilizers has led to worldwide ecological problems: water eutrophication and alteration of the nitrogen atmospheric balance. Recent work indicated that molybdenum and tungsten enzymes are incredibly ancient, and their enzymatic role and functionality has been preserved. iii It is thought that in the reducing environment of the primordial world Tungsten-enzymes were favored. In those days, oxygen atom transfer reactions were more challenging than in the modern world, with a preference for molybdenum-enzymes. ivThe use of soluble metal catalysts offers direct routes to other functionalized organonitrogen molecules and provides further insight into the heterogeneous Haber-Bosch catalyst or the low-energy nitrogenase enzymes that directly make ammonia. vBy deepening our understanding of the microbial populations that cycle nitrogen, we can find opportunities to deliver more efficient bioengineering solutions. To date, no one has systematically explored the new biotechnologies for nitrogen removal that can emerge from this new knowledge because a purely empirical exploration would require significant investigation. This, however, could be accelerated using a cost-effective advanced modelling approach, as the one detailed in this proposal. To explore the functionalization of molecular dinitrogen and its catalytic conversion of molecular dinitrogen we will need to combine expertise in: a) inorganic chemistryby exploring the catalytic conversiond-block metals; b) computational chemistryby describing the reaction pathway and finding the reaction intermediates; c) metabolic modelingto describe the metabolic activities and synergies between microbial populations in the nitrogen-cycle, identifying the process conditions that generate efficient aggregates architectures for nitrogen-removal.iVitousek P. M., et alD. Ecol. Appl. 1997,7, 737-750.iiClark, B, Foster, J. B. Int. J. Comp. Soc.2009, 50,311-334.iiiSchoepp-Cothenet B., et alSci. Rep. 2012, 2, 263. ivPushie J. M., Cotelesagea J. J., George G. N., Metallomics2014, 6, 15-24.vKnobloch, D. J., Lobkovsky, E. & Chirik, P. J. Nat. Chem. 2, 30-35 (2010).

植物不能代谢大气中的氮，它需要转化为氨。这个过程被称为生物固氮，是由一组专门的生物纳米机器进行的。土壤氮素含量是影响土壤肥力和生产力的重要因素。在上个世纪开始时，唯一能使土壤肥沃的天然氮是秘鲁的鸟粪和智利的硝酸盐。1913年，哈伯-博施工艺改变了20世纪的进程，允许大规模生产氨。氨生产是2015年农业的基础，支持人类食物摄入量的三分之一到一半;尽管技术进步，它仍然需要高温（400-600 ℃），高压（20-40 MPa），消耗超过1%的全球能源生产并产生温室气体。此外，氨肥料的使用导致了全球性的生态问题：水体富营养化和氮大气平衡的改变。最近的研究表明，钼和钨酶是令人难以置信的古老，它们的酶作用和功能已被保存下来。据认为，在原始世界的还原环境中，钨酶是有利的。在那些日子里，氧原子转移反应比现代世界更具挑战性，更倾向于使用氘酶。iv.可溶性金属催化剂的使用提供了通向其他官能化有机氮分子的直接途径，并提供了对多相Haber-Bosch催化剂或直接制造氨的低能固氮酶的进一步了解。通过加深对氮循环微生物种群的了解，我们可以找到提供更有效的生物工程解决方案的机会。到目前为止，还没有人系统地探索新的生物脱氮技术，可以从这个新的知识，因为纯粹的经验探索将需要大量的调查。不过，如本提案所述，可采用成本效益高的先进建模方法加快这一进程。为了探索分子二氮的功能化及其催化转化，我们需要联合收割机以下方面的专业知识：a）无机化学，探索催化转化块金属; B）计算化学，描述反应途径和寻找反应中间体; c）代谢建模，描述氮循环中微生物种群之间的代谢活动和协同作用，确定产生用于脱氮的有效聚集体结构的工艺条件。iVitousekP.M.，等D. iiClark，B，Foster，J. B. Int. J. Comp. Soc.2009，50，311 -334。iiiSchoepp-Cothenet B.，等Sci. Rep. 2012，2，263. ivPushie J.M.，科帕卡尼亚·J·J，乔治N.，Metallomics2014，6，15-24.vKnobloch，D. J.，洛布科夫斯基，E.和Chirik，P.J.Nat.Chem.2，30-35（2010）。