Plants are unable to metabolise atmospheric nitrogen it requires conversion into ammoniai

植物无法代谢大气中的氮，需要转化为氨

• 批准号: 2442596
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Glasgow
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2442596
• 关键词: Plants; unable; metabolise; atmospheric; nitrogen

Plants are unable to metabolise atmospheric nitrogen it requires conversion into ammoniai. This process, known as biological nitrogen fixation, is carried out by a specialized group of biological nano-machines. Nitrogen content of soils is a key factor regarding soil fertility and productivity. At the start of the last century, the only solid natural forms of nitrogen to enrich the soil were Peruvian guano and Chilean nitrate.ii In 1913, the Haber-Bosch process changed the course of the 20thcentury allowing mass production of ammonia. Ammonia production is the base of agriculture in 2015, supporting between a 3rd and half of human food intake; despite technical improvements it still requires both high temperature (400-600 C), high pressure (20-40 MPa) that consume more than 1% of world-wideenergy production and produces greenhouse gases. Also, use of ammonia fertilizers has led to worldwide ecological problems: water eutrophication and alteration of the nitrogen atmospheric balance. Recent work indicated that molybdenum and tungsten enzymes are incredibly ancient, and their enzymatic role and functionality has been preserved. iii It is thought that in the reducing environment of the primordial world Tungsten-enzymes were favored. In those days, oxygen atom transfer reactions were more challenging than in the modern world, with a preference for molybdenum-enzymes. ivThe use of soluble metal catalysts offers direct routes to other functionalized organonitrogen molecules and provides further insight into the heterogeneous Haber-Bosch catalyst or the low-energy nitrogenase enzymes that directly make ammonia. vBy deepening our understanding of the microbial populations that cycle nitrogen, we can find opportunities to deliver more efficient bioengineering solutions. To date, no one has systematically explored the new biotechnologies for nitrogen removal that can emerge from this new knowledge because a purely empirical exploration would require significant investigation. This, however, could be accelerated using a cost-effective advanced modelling approach, as the one detailed in this proposal. To explore the functionalization of molecular dinitrogen and its catalytic conversion of molecular dinitrogen we will need to combine expertise in: a) inorganic chemistryby exploring the catalytic conversiond-block metals; b) computational chemistryby describing the reaction pathway and finding the reaction intermediates; c) metabolic modelingto describe the metabolic activities and synergies between microbial populations in the nitrogen-cycle, identifying the process conditions that generate efficient aggregates architectures for nitrogen-removal.iVitousek P. M., et alD. Ecol. Appl. 1997,7, 737-750.iiClark, B, Foster, J. B. Int. J. Comp. Soc.2009, 50,311-334.iiiSchoepp-Cothenet B., et alSci. Rep. 2012, 2, 263. ivPushie J. M., Cotelesagea J. J., George G. N., Metallomics2014, 6, 15-24.vKnobloch, D. J., Lobkovsky, E. & Chirik, P. J. Nat. Chem. 2, 30-35 (2010).

植物不能代谢大气中的氮，它需要转化为氨。这个过程被称为生物固氮，是由一组专门的生物纳米机器进行的。土壤含氮量是影响土壤肥力和生产力的关键因素。在上个世纪初，唯一能滋养土壤的固体天然氮是秘鲁的鸟粪和智利的硝酸盐。ii 1913年，哈伯-博世工艺改变了20世纪的进程，允许大规模生产氨。氨生产是2015年农业的基础，支撑着三分之一到一半的人类食物摄入量；尽管技术上有所改进，但它仍然需要高温（400-600摄氏度）和高压（20-40兆帕），这消耗了全球能源产量的1%以上，并产生了温室气体。此外，氨肥的使用导致了世界性的生态问题：水体富营养化和大气氮平衡的改变。最近的研究表明，钼和钨酶非常古老，它们的酶的作用和功能被保存了下来。在原始世界的还原环境中，钨酶被认为是有利的。在那个时代，氧原子转移反应比现代世界更具挑战性，更倾向于钼酶。可溶性金属催化剂的使用为其他功能化有机氮分子提供了直接途径，并进一步深入了解了非均相Haber-Bosch催化剂或直接产生氨的低能量氮酶。通过加深我们对循环氮的微生物种群的了解，我们可以找到提供更有效的生物工程解决方案的机会。到目前为止，还没有人系统地探索从这些新知识中产生的新的脱氮生物技术，因为纯粹的经验探索将需要大量的调查。然而，可以使用成本效益高的先进建模方法加速这一进程，正如本提案中详述的那样。为了探索分子二氮的功能化及其对分子二氮的催化转化，我们需要结合以下方面的专业知识：a)通过探索催化转化-嵌段金属的无机化学；B)计算化学，通过描述反应途径和寻找反应中间体；C)代谢建模，描述氮循环中微生物种群之间的代谢活动和协同作用，确定产生高效脱氮聚合体系结构的工艺条件。[4]李建平，李建平，等。生态。苹果，1997,7,737 -750。克拉克，B，福斯特，J. B. Int。[j] .社会科学与技术，2009,(5):331 -334。[3] [j]。众议员2012,2,263。[4]刘建军，张建军，张建军，等。金属学报，2014,6(6):559 - 564。vKnobloch， D. J, Lobkovsky， E. & Chirik， P. J.化学学报，2,30-35（2010）。