Microbial Control of Immature Anopheles Mosquitoes

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究计划的科学目标是证明在水稻中使用环境安全且有效的微生物杀虫剂进行幼虫管理可以成为疟疾控制计划的一个组成部分。这项调查的目的是制定幼虫管理策略和新的微生物制剂，以提供额外的昆虫学工具，与成虫控制、个人保护和临床治疗相结合，减少疟疾。该建议强调在疟蚊传播之前，即它们最集中、最不移动和最容易接近的时候，对其进行攻击，或者进行基本的蚊虫综合管理（IMM）。启动幼虫管理计划的最大障碍是非洲疟疾病媒的幼虫生态学是疟疾研究中一个被忽视的领域。因此，在开发和部署环境安全的微生物杀幼虫剂方面也缺乏相关的研究，例如苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuriengiensis var. isrealensis, Bti）和球形芽孢杆菌（Bacillus spericus, Bsph）。为了在水稻灌溉计划中制定、实施和维持蚊子管理计划，我们必须确定特定地点的IMM关键要素；何时、何地以及如何通过幼虫管理减少成虫羽化。这项研究将提供微生物控制影响的功效数据，以及在美国和国际上注册新配方所需的关键环境数据，从而避免对工业造成的高昂成本。为实现这一目标，制定了以下具体目标。1)确定灌溉稻村综合体中按蚊幼虫栖息地的时空分布、丰度及其媒介生产力，2)确定调节幼虫栖息地中媒介生产力和非目标丰度和多样性的关键环境、农业和生态因素，3)开发、评估和登记新的杀蚊剂配方，以有效控制按蚊幼虫的残留。4)实施和评估区域蚊虫管理项目对水稻疟疾传播相关昆虫学参数的影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The scientific goal of this research proposal is to demonstrate that larval management using environmentally safe and efficacious microbial insecticides in rice can provide an integral part of a malaria control program. This investigation is designed to develop larval management strategies and new microbial formulations that can provide additional entomological tools to reduce malaria in conjunction with adult control, personal protection, and clinical treatment. This proposal emphasizes attacking anopheline mosquitoes before they become airborne, when they are the most concentrated, immobile and accessible, or basic Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM). The greatest barrier to initiating a larval management program is that larval ecology of African malaria vectors is a neglected area of malaria research. Thus there has also been an associated lack of research in the development and deployment of environmentally safe microbial larvicides, such as Bacillus thuriengiensis var. isrealensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bsph). In order to develop, implement, and maintain a mosquito management program in rice irrigation schemes, we must determine site-specific IMM critical elements; the when, where, and how to reduce adult emergence by larval management. This study will provide both the efficacy data on the impact of microbial control and critical environmental data necessary for registration of new formulations both in the US and in international locations, thus circumventing prohibitive costs to industry. To accomplish this goal, the following specific aims have been developed. 1) determine the spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of Anopheles larval habitats and their vector productivity in irrigated rice-village complexes, 2) determine the key environmental, agricultural, and ecological factors that regulate vector productivity and non-target abundance and diversity in the larval habitats, 3) develop, evaluate and register new microbial-larvicide formulation(s) designed for effective residual control of anopheline larvae, and 4) implement and evaluate the impact of an area-wide mosquito management program on the entomological parameters associated with the transmission of malaria in rice.