How Agricultural Policies and Practices Shape Each Other: A Case Study of Dairy Farming

本课题将以奶牛养殖业为例，探讨政策制定与日常实践之间的关系。这项研究将探讨农场的日常做法（如挤奶）是如何出现/变化的，以及政策是如何通过这些做法的表现而制定的。其目的是展示多政策的历史和分层如何在农场的工作和生活中出现，改变和塑造政策制定者需要应对的问题和空间。奶牛养殖可以被认为是一个由多个从业者组成的社会技术系统。奶农和政策制定者;练习：（挤奶、青贮、放牧、屠宰和清洁、拍卖，以及检查、记录、辩论、谈判和立法），这些技术和基础设施（如挤奶机、施肥机、在线系统和运输）相互关联并相互影响。此外，包括政策制定在内的一系列做法通常会影响和塑造农场的日常生活，包括基础设施、工作方式和商业运作。奶牛养殖业的实践界限是由政策规定的。例如，《牲畜福利行为守则：牛》（WAG，2010年）规定了旱地农业在一系列活动中的可接受标准，包括挤奶、饲养、繁殖、住宿和健康。然而，行为守则本身受到国家和跨国层面的大量当代政策的影响（2006年动物福利法，2006年威尔士政府法和欧洲委员会指令98/34/EC

This project will examine the relationship between the making policy and everyday practicethrough a case study of dairy farming. The research will explore how everyday practices onfarms (e.g. milking) emerge/change and how policy & variously enacted through theperformance of those practices. The aim is to show how the history and layering of multiplepolicies that inform work and life on farms as it emerges, changes, and shapes the issues andspace that policymakers need to respond to.Dairy farming can be considered as a socio-technical system comprised of multiplepractitioners (2. dairy farmers and policymakers; practice: (milking, silaging, cattle herdingand cleaning, auctioning, as well as inspection, record keeping, debating, negotiating andlegislating technologies and infrastructures (e.g. milking machines, fertiliser spreaders, and online systems and transport) which hang-together and effect each other. Sets of practicescomprising of policymaking, moreover, typically influence and shape everyday life on farms;their infrastructures, ways of working, and business operations. The boundaries of practiceswithin dairy farming are informed by polices. For example, the Code of Practice for theWelfare of Livestock: Cattle (WAG, 2010) establishes what counts as the acceptable.standards for dry farming across a range of activities, inching: milking, rearing, breeding,accommodation, and health. The code of practice is itself however, influenced by a raft ofcontemporary policy, both at national and transnational levels, (the Animal Welfare Act2006 the Government of Wales Act 2006, and the European Commission Directive 98/34/EC