Exploring the Complex and Contradictory Role(s) of Women within the UK Far Right

社会运动研究最近将注意力转向极右翼，记录了各种演员及其行动纲领，如政党政治、街头动员和在线激进主义(Castelli Gattinara和Pirro，2018年)。极右翼运动的一个关键特征是他们的本土主义或民族主义，将某些“其他人”排除在他们对民族国家的概念之外(同上)。近年来，极右翼的支持率出现了令人担忧的增长，即使在英国，这只导致了有限的选举收益，他们也看到了一些相当大的成功，比如英国退欧。这不仅是一个政治问题，因为主流政党的反应是进一步右倾，对社会也是如此，因为极右翼意识形态威胁到社会稳定(杰克曼和沃尔波特，1996)。因此，极右翼的崛起一直是政治家和社会科学家关注的问题，导致对极右翼运动几乎方方面面的学术兴趣增加(Mudde，2002；Ford，Goodwin and Cutts，2011；Ford and Goodwin，2014；Portelinha and Elcheroth，2016；Inglehart and Norris，2017；Miller-Idriss，2017；Doerr，2017；Leidig，2020)。尽管研究激增，但在这一领域关于性别的工作相对较少。此外，那些确实关注这一主题的人受到极右翼支持中的性别差距问题的指导，因为男性比女性更有可能正式参与这一运动(Givens，2004；RippeYoung，2007；Harteveld等人，2015；Spierings和ZasLove，2017)。最近，研究还考虑了极右翼如何通过将性别话语工具化为反移民和反变性人动员的工具来缩小性别差距(Fekete，2006；Akkerman和Hagelund，2007；Erel，2018；Duinaand Carson，2019；菲普斯，2020)。

Social movement studies have recently turned their attention to the far right anddocumented the variety of actors and their action repertoires such as party politics, streetmobilisation and online activism (Castelli Gattinara and Pirro, 2018). A key characteristic farright movements share is their nativism or nationalism, excluding certain 'others' from theirconcept of the nation-state (ibid.). There has been a worrying growth in far right support inrecent years, and even if in the UK this has only led to limited electoral gains, they have seensome considerable successes such as Brexit. This is a problem not only politically, asmainstream parties react by shifting further to the right, but for society, as far right ideologythreatens social stability (Jackman and Volport, 1996).The rise of the far right has therefore been a concern for politicians and social scientistsalike, leading to an increase in academic interest in nearly every aspect of the movement(Mudde, 2002; Ford, Goodwin and Cutts, 2011; Ford and Goodwin, 2014; Portelinha andElcheroth, 2016; Inglehart and Norris, 2017, 2019; Miller-Idriss, 2017; Doerr, 2017; Leidig,2020). Despite this proliferation of research, there is comparatively little work in this field ongender. Furthermore, those that do focus on this topic are guided by questions of the gendergap in far right support, as men are more likely to formally participate in the movement thanwomen (Givens, 2004; Rippeyoung, 2007; Harteveld et al, 2015; Spierings and Zaslove,2017). More recently, studies have also considered how the far right narrow this gender gapby instrumentalising gender discourses to 'legitimise' their anti-immigration and antitransgendermobilisation (Fekete, 2006; Akkerman and Hagelund, 2007; Erel, 2018; Duinaand Carson, 2019; Phipps, 2020).