Key challenges for promoting the inclusion of precarious settlements in the SDG 6 Agenda of the Brazilian Urban Amazon

--研究的挑战是什么？巴西北部地区的州首府城市由巴西城市亚马逊组成，拥有全国最低的供水和卫生服务指数(WSS)，而居住在不稳定住区的人口比例最高。研究挑战是研究和绘制信息、法律、监管、金融和相关障碍，以便在巴西亚马逊城市实现可持续发展目标6的行动中纳入不稳定的定居点。-为什么它很重要？在巴西，解决北部地区以不稳定住区为重点的准入差距将是实现全民覆盖的SDG 6目标和遵守享有饮水和卫生设施人权(HRtWS)的唯一途径，其原则是通过促进在扩大供水和卫生服务方面取得更公平的进展来减少国内和贫富之间的不平等(联合国儿童基金会/世卫组织，2021年)。-我们不知道什么？在巴西，获得WSS服务的数字是考虑到公用事业必须服务的强制性地区计算的，这些地区通常不包括有土地保有权问题的社区。因此，国家、市政当局和公用事业的官方指标和计划通常不考虑危险的定居点。虽然有向巴西东北部和东南部地区不稳定的定居点提供水资源分配系统的成功项目的经验，但没有建立制度化的框架来了解非法地区获取水资源分配系统的现实(Guimaraes，2016)。因此，没有关于向富人和穷人提供水资源保障的不平等现状的研究，也没有研究机会差距是否集中在不稳定的住区。此外，尚不清楚地方当局和服务提供商如何处理在城市不稳定住区提供水资源的问题，特别是在巴西北部的州首府城市，那里存在最大的水资源获取差距。-该项目将如何实施？该项目将分为三个阶段：i)为巴西北部城市不稳定住区的水资源提供分类数据；ii)调查不稳定住区在法律、法规、政策和相关文书中的包容性，并从巴西其他经验中吸取经验教训；三)评估巴西北部地区各州首府城市正在使用的金融机制，评估这些机制是否正在实现不稳定的定居点，以及它们这样做的效率有多高。-将产生什么影响？预期的影响是阐明享有水和卫生设施的人权以及将不稳定的定居点纳入巴西亚马逊地区可持续住区的必要性，鼓励进一步监测，并通知地方政府和服务提供商制定包容性公共政策和规划工具，为此目的更有效地分配资源。

- What is the research challenge?The state capital cities of the North region of Brazil, comprised by what is called the 'Brazilian Urban Amazon', have the country's lowest indices of access to Water and Sanitation Services (WSS) and the highest proportion of people living in precarious settlements. The research challenge is to study and map the informational, legal, regulatory, financial and related barriers for the inclusion of precarious settlements in the actions to meet SDG 6 in the Brazilian Urban Amazon. - Why is it important?In Brazil, addressing the access gap in the North region focusing on precarious settlements will be the only way to achieve the SDG 6 targets of universal coverage and to comply with the human rights to water and sanitation (HRtWS), whose principles are set to reduce inequalities within the country and between the rich and the poor, by promoting more equitable progress in the expansion of water and sanitation services (UNICEF/WHO, 2021).- What don't we know?In Brazil, the figures for access to WSS services are calculated considering the mandatory areas that the utilities have to serve, which generally excludes neighbourhoods with land tenure issues. Thus, precarious settlements are commonly not accounted for in the official indicators and plans of the country, of municipalities and of utilities. Although there are experiences of successful projects of WSS provision to precarious settlements in Brazil in the Northeast and Southeast regions, there is no institutionalised framework established to capture the reality of WSS access in illegal areas (Guimaraes, 2016). Thus, there is no study of the current status of the inequalities in WSS provision to the rich and to the poor, nor into whether the access gap is concentrated in precarious settlements. Also, it is unclear how local authorities and service providers are tackling the issue of WSS provision in urban precarious settlements, especially in the state capital cities of the North of Brazil, where the highest WSS access gap is found.- How will the project be carried out?The project will be divided into three phases:i) To produce disaggregated data for WSS in urban precarious settlements of the North of Brazil;ii) To investigate the inclusiveness of precarious settlements in the legal, regulatory, policy and related instruments and identify lessons from other Brazilian experiences;iii) To assess the financial mechanisms in use in the state capital cities of the North region of Brazil, in terms of whether WSS are reaching precarious settlements and how effectively they are doing so.- What will be the impact?The intended impact is to shed light on the human rights to water and sanitation and the need for inclusion of precarious settlements in WSS provision in the Brazilian Amazon, incentivising further monitoring, and informing local governments and service providers to put in place inclusive public policies and planning instruments with more efficient allocation of resources to this end.