Microbial biotechnology approaches to optimize chemical oxygen demand and enhance nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment.

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More stringent allowances for nutrient discharge from municipal wastewater treatment plants are being gradually implemented in the UK to protect natural water bodies. However, complying with this regulation relies heavily on the dosing of a large amount of chemicals, creating more problems in terms of nutrient removal cost, sludge management and environmental sustainability. Therefore, chemical-free biological treatment is urgently needed for cost-effective and sustainable nutrient removal.