Scaleable integration of electronic and Photonic integrated circuits for quantum optics in silicon

这个博士学位的大部分将与大光子组的Josh一起进行，研究硅中量子光学的电子和光子集成电路的可扩展集成。另一个项目将与豪尔赫一起进行，研究相位调制器的频率多路复用控制，以减少低温恒温器和芯片的布线要求。这些项目都属于硅光子学领域的可扩展性，双方主管都渴望合作。光子集成电路（PIC）是经典和量子信息处理的一个有前途的平台。信息可以被编码到光的不同属性中，这些光被限制在PIC上光刻制造的波导中。对光的操纵以及因此编码信息的操纵通常使用分束器和相位调制器来实现。Reck等人表明，任何NxN酉运算都可以表示为使用简单的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪实现的2x2酉运算的某种线性组合。这些Reck方案以及芯片上量子态的其他大规模操纵将需要>1000个相位调制器，因此需要相同阶数的电控制线。为了减少这种布线瓶颈，可以使用多路复用技术来允许从单个或几个控制线控制多个相位调制器。将相位调制器设计为频率相关的将允许所有调制器从具有叠加的相位调制电压的单个控制线来控制。该方案将允许所有调制器的同时和独立控制。该方案对于在低温温度下操作的光子系统特别重要，其中冷却系统对可用的控制线的数量施加严格限制。硅光子学中的许多量子光学方案是非确定性的，并且需要使用前馈信号来正确地路由预示的事件。硅光子学中的单光子是通过非确定性的参数过程产生的，需要通过检测信号光子来预示空闲光子。另外，为了减少不期望的多光子产生事件的机会，降低泵浦功率，进一步降低光子对产生的可能性。为了实现预言的单光子的伪确定性产生，多个源被复用在一起，使得即使在一个源处成功的单光子产生也可以切换到输出。当完全集成在芯片上时，用于切换单光子的时间很短，需要高度集成和快速的电子器件。这种电子架构的设计以及以可扩展的方式集成的方式需要额外的研究。

The majority of this PhD will be undertaken with Josh in The Big Photon group looking at scalable integration of electronic and photonic integrated circuits for quantum optics in silicon. Another project will be undertaken with Jorge looking at frequency multiplexed control of phase modulators in order to reduce wiring requirements into the cryostat and onto the chip. These projects fall under the same banner of scalability in silicon photonics with both supervisors eager to collaborate.Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) represent a promising platform for classical and quantum information processing. Information can be encoded into different properties of the light confined to waveguides lithographically fabricated on the PICs. Manipulation of the light, and thus the encoded information, is typically achieved using beam splitters and phase modulators. Reck et al. showed that any NxNunitary operation can be expressed as some linear combination of 2x2 unitary operations achieved using simple Mach-Zehnder Interferometers. These Reck schemes, and other large-scale manipulation of quantum states on chip, will require>1000 phase modulators thus be requiring a number of electrical control wires of the same order. To reduce this wiring bottleneck multiplexing techniques can be used to allow for the control of multiple phase modulators from a single, or few, control wires. Designing the phase modulators to be frequency dependent would allow for all modulators to be controlled froma single control wire with the phase modulating voltages superimposed. This scheme would allow for simultaneous and independent control of all modulators. This scheme is of particular importance for photonic systems operating at cryogenic temperatures where the cooling system imposes strict limitations on the number of control wires available. Many quantum optic schemes in silicon photonics are non-deterministic and require the use of feed-forward signals to correctly route heralded events. Single-photons in silicon photonics are generated through parametric processes that are non-deterministic, requiring the heralding of the idler photon through detection of the signal photon. Additionally, in order to reduce the chances of undesired multi-photon generation events the pump power is reduced, further reducing the likelihood of photon-pair production. In order to achieve pseudo-deterministic production of heralded single-photons multiple sources are multiplexed together such that a successful single-photon generation even at one source can be switched to the output. When completely integrated on chip, the short time available for switching the single-photon requires highly integrated and fast electronics. Design of this electronics architecture and the way in which it is integrated in a scalable manner requires additional research.