Insecticide mosaics and sustainability of treated nets

描述（由申请人提供）：经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐（ITNs）在疟疾死亡率高的撒哈拉以南非洲流行地区作为减少疟疾传播的干预措施大有希望。在蚊帐中加入低毒拟除虫菊酯后，主要病媒冈比亚按蚊、安。arabiensis和An。Funestus要么被击退，阻止，要么在接触时被杀死。在本提案中，我们重点关注杀虫剂杀虫剂对合成拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗药性的可能性，从而影响其使用的可持续性。我们的研究地点在肯尼亚西部，那里唯一一次在常年传播的全流行地区进行的大规模试验最近刚刚完成，那里约有12万人处于蚊帐之下。研究的四个具体目标是：(1)利用新型分子遗传学方法和GIS分析，评估ITN实施对媒介种群遗传、群落结构和抗性流行的影响。(2)在实验室和野外环境下，定量测定雌性按蚊对杀虫剂处理过的蚊帐材料的行为反应。(3)杀虫剂花叶ITN配方和轮作方案对田间昆虫传播参数的影响评价。(4)队列流行病学分析杀虫剂镶嵌和轮作对疟疾转归的影响。我们的主要假设是，杀虫剂镶嵌（即在净材料中同时呈现或暂时旋转杀虫剂）提供了在操作条件下调节和管理抗药性影响的手段。我们将制定和评估耐药性管理战略，通过结合对这些病媒具有低毒性但高和可变活性的杀虫剂马赛克。包括具有不同驱避、威慑和致死性的I型和II型拟除虫菊酯，类似于吡丙酚的激素，低毒的氨基甲酸酯，以及低毒的有机磷酸酯。行业合作伙伴卫士达和先正达直接参与了这些工作，以制定和评估的目的。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) show great promise as an intervention to reduce malaria transmission in endemic areas of subSaharan Africa, where the toll of malaria is high. When low toxicity pyrethroids are incorporated into the nets, females of the main vector species Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus are either repelled, deterred, or are killed on contact. In this proposal, we focus on the potential for evolution of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in ITNs to interfere with sustainability of their use. Our study site is in western Kenya, where the only large scale trial in a holoendemic area with perennial transmission was recently completed, and where approximately 120,000 people are under nets. The four specific aims are: (1) Evaluation of the effect of ITN implementation on vector population genetic and community structure and prevalence of resistance using novel molecular genetic approaches and GIS analyses. (2) Quantification of behavioral responses of Anopheles females to insecticide treated net materials in laboratory and field settings. (3) Evaluation of insecticide mosaic ITN formulations and rotation schemes on entomological transmission parameters in field settings. (4) Cohort epidemiologic analyses of the effects of insecticide mosaics and rotations on malariologic outcomes. Our primary hypothesis is that Insecticide mosaics (i.e., simultaneously presented or temporally rotated insecticides in net materials) provide the means of moderating and managing the effects of resistance under operational conditions. We will develop and evaluate resistance management strategies through incorporation of insecticide mosaics of low toxicity but high and variable activity against these vectors. Included will be both Type I and Type II pyrethroids with varying repellence, deterrence, and lethality properties, the hormone mimic pyriproxyphen, the low toxicity carbamate carbosulfan, and the low toxicity organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl. Industry partners Vestergaard-Frandsen and Syngenta are directly involved in these efforts, for formulation and evaluation purposes.