Insecticide mosaics and sustainability of treated nets

描述（由申请方提供）：经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐（驱虫蚊帐）作为一种干预措施，在疟疾死亡率高的撒哈拉以南非洲流行地区减少疟疾传播的前景很好。在蚊帐中加入低毒性拟除虫菊酯后，主要病媒冈比亚按蚊、冈比亚按蚊、冈比亚按蚊和冈比亚按蚊的雌蚊会死亡。arabiensis，和一枝枝兰（An. funestus要么被击退，威慑，或被杀死的接触。在本提案中，我们重点关注驱虫蚊帐中合成拟除虫菊酯抗性演变的可能性，以干扰其使用的可持续性。我们的研究地点在肯尼亚西部，最近在一个常年传播的完全流行地区完成了唯一的大规模试验，那里大约有12万人使用蚊帐。这四个具体目标是：（1）利用新的分子遗传学方法和地理信息系统分析，评价驱虫蚊帐的实施对病媒种群遗传和群落结构以及抗药性流行的影响。(2)在实验室和现场环境中，按蚊雌性对杀虫剂处理过的网材料的行为反应的量化。(3)评价杀虫剂镶嵌ITN配方和轮换方案对田间昆虫传播参数的影响。(4)杀虫剂镶嵌和轮换对疟疾学结果影响的队列流行病学分析。我们的主要假设是，Incredible de mosaics（即，同时存在或在网材料中暂时轮换的杀虫剂）提供了在操作条件下缓和和管理抗性影响的手段。我们将制定和评估抗性管理战略，通过纳入低毒性，但高和可变的活性对这些载体的杀虫剂马赛克。包括具有不同驱避、威慑和致死特性的I型和II型拟除虫菊酯、激素模拟物吡丙氧芬、低毒性氨基甲酸酯丁硫克百威和低毒性有机磷酸盐甲基吡螨酯。行业合作伙伴Vestergaard-Frandsen和Syngenta直接参与了这些工作，用于制定和评估目的。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) show great promise as an intervention to reduce malaria transmission in endemic areas of subSaharan Africa, where the toll of malaria is high. When low toxicity pyrethroids are incorporated into the nets, females of the main vector species Anopheles gambiae, An. arabiensis, and An. funestus are either repelled, deterred, or are killed on contact. In this proposal, we focus on the potential for evolution of resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in ITNs to interfere with sustainability of their use. Our study site is in western Kenya, where the only large scale trial in a holoendemic area with perennial transmission was recently completed, and where approximately 120,000 people are under nets. The four specific aims are: (1) Evaluation of the effect of ITN implementation on vector population genetic and community structure and prevalence of resistance using novel molecular genetic approaches and GIS analyses. (2) Quantification of behavioral responses of Anopheles females to insecticide treated net materials in laboratory and field settings. (3) Evaluation of insecticide mosaic ITN formulations and rotation schemes on entomological transmission parameters in field settings. (4) Cohort epidemiologic analyses of the effects of insecticide mosaics and rotations on malariologic outcomes. Our primary hypothesis is that Insecticide mosaics (i.e., simultaneously presented or temporally rotated insecticides in net materials) provide the means of moderating and managing the effects of resistance under operational conditions. We will develop and evaluate resistance management strategies through incorporation of insecticide mosaics of low toxicity but high and variable activity against these vectors. Included will be both Type I and Type II pyrethroids with varying repellence, deterrence, and lethality properties, the hormone mimic pyriproxyphen, the low toxicity carbamate carbosulfan, and the low toxicity organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl. Industry partners Vestergaard-Frandsen and Syngenta are directly involved in these efforts, for formulation and evaluation purposes.