An investigation into the impact of racial discrimination on cannabis use

有大量文件证明，种族歧视的经历可能对少数民族群体的多种健康结果产生重大影响。特别是，美国的研究指出，种族歧视是一种心理社会压力源，有助于心血管疾病（Panza，Puhl，Taylor，Zaleski，Livington和Pescatello 2019）以及情绪和焦虑障碍（Chou，Asnaani和Hofmann 2011）的发展。这一领域的早期研究采取了自下而上的方法来研究少数民族和白色个体之间的健康差异。人们认为这些差异可以用种族之间的生物/内源性差异来解释，但这一假设充满了种族主义成见和科学误解。而当代研究现在已经采取了自上而下的方法来调查种族健康差异，假设社会因素，如歧视可能会导致种族之间的健康结果差异（威廉姆斯和杰克逊，2005年; Amaro，Sanchez，Bautista和考克斯，2021年）。具体而言，种族歧视已被假设为一个潜在的社会决定因素的脆弱性物质使用障碍（SUD）和酗酒。这是基于有充分证据证明的假设，即遭受急性和慢性心理社会压力的个体（特别是在早年）对寻求药物和有问题的使用的易感性增加（Hassanbeigi，Askari，Hassanbeigi和Pourmovahed 2013; Moustafa，Parkes，Fitzgerald和Underhill等人2018）。各种研究方法都证明了种族歧视与可持续发展之间的联系。例如，Calixte-Civil等人（2020）证明，在一组黑人吸烟者中，实验诱导的群体排斥感降低了成功戒烟的比率。纵向和调查研究发现，亚裔和美国黑人自我报告的种族歧视会增加酒精和物质使用的风险，以及物质使用认知（Gibbons，Etcheverry，Stock等人2010;Yoo，Gee，Lowthrop和Robertson 2010; Brody，Kogan和Chen 2012）。然而，有趣的是，个人/人格特质被认为是缓和或调解种族歧视和物质/酒精使用风险之间的关系。关于这一主题的文献相当稀少，然而，现有研究指出冲动可能影响种族歧视对物质使用易感性的预测强度（Gibbons，O 'Hara，Stock and Gerrard et al 2021; Latzman，Chan and Shishido 2013; Riley，克利夫顿，Khazvand and and Zapolski 2021）。本研究将以上述早期研究结果为基础。

It is widely documented that the experiences of racial discrimination can have a significant impact on multiple health outcomes within ethnic minority groups. In particular, research from US points to racial discrimination functioning as a psychosocial stressor and contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease (Panza, Puhl, Taylor, Zaleski, Livington and Pescatello 2019) and mood and anxiety disorders (Chou, Asnaani and Hofmann 2011). Earlier research within this field took a bottom-up approach to the health disparities between ethnic minorities and white individuals. Wherein it was assumed these differences could be accounted for by biological/endogenous differences between ethnicities, this assumption however was laden with racist stereotypes and scientific misconceptions. Whereas contemporary research has now taken a top-down approach to investigate ethnic health disparities, positing that social factors e.g. discrimination may account for differences in health outcomes between ethnic groups ( Williams and Jackson 2005; Amaro, Sanchez, Bautista and Cox 2021). Specifically, racial discrimination has been hypothesised as a potential social determinant for vulnerability to substance use disorders (SUD) and alcoholism. This is based upon the well-documented assumption that individuals subject to acute and chronic psychosocial stressors (particularly in early life) have increased susceptibility to drug-seeking and problematic usage (Hassanbeigi, Askari, Hassanbeigi and Pourmovahed 2013; Moustafa, Parkes, Fitzgerald and Underhill et al 2018). The association between racial discrimination and SUD development has been exemplified by a variety of research methodologies. For example, Calixte-Civil et al (2020) demonstrated that experimentally induced feelings of group exclusion within a cohort of Black smokers lowered the rates of successful smoking cessation. Longitudinal and survey studies have identified that self-reported perceived racial discrimination in Asian and Black Americans increases the risk of alcohol and substance use, and substance use cognitions (Gibbons, Etcheverry, Stock et al 2010;Yoo, Gee, Lowthrop and Robertson 2010; Brody, Kogan, and Chen 2012). Interestingly however, individual/personality traits have been suggested to moderate or mediate the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and substance/alcohol use risk. The literature on this topic is fairly scarce, however the research available points to impulsivity potentially impacting the predictive strength of racial discrimination on substance use susceptibility ( Gibbons, O'Hara, Stock and Gerrard et al 2021) Latzman, Chan and Shishido 2013; Riley, Clifton, Khazvand and Zapolski 2021). The present research will aim to build upon the early findings described above.