Language Beyond Boundaries: Framing for a Dynamic Linguistic Ecological Approach to indigenous knowledge among Manobo-Matigsalug in Mindanao, Philippi

世界各地的土著社区面临着失去语言的威胁，导致其丰富的语言和文化遗产逐渐消失（联合国，2019年; Igboanusi & Wolf，2009年;安德森&安德森，2007年）。主流语言和文化的入侵，以及持续的生态问题，引发了土著知识体系和实践（IKSP）的逐渐消亡，传统知识代代相传（联合国，2019年）。菲律宾原住民社区也面临着这些危险，马诺博-马蒂格萨卢格（Manobo-Matigsalug）是一个拥有约五万人的布基德农原住民社区，受到严重影响。我的项目以我之前对原住民语言的研究为基础，探讨马诺博-马蒂格萨卢格不断变化的“语言生态”（即语言如何相互作用，他们是讲的地方（Haugen，1972）），以应对其IKSP的威胁。我的首要研究问题是“菲律宾布基德农北陶锡努达的马诺波-马蒂格萨卢格人如何适应他们社会的动态语言生态？“具体来说，我的项目将调查：1。什么样的霸权语言、文化、政治制度、经济制度和环境问题推动了马诺博-马蒂格萨卢格语言生态的变化？2.面对语言生态的变化，马诺波-马蒂格萨鲁格人的语言态度和意识形态是如何反映的？3.马诺博-马蒂格萨卢格语言生态如何影响其IKSP的保存或放弃？在关键变革时期提出这些问题，将有利于土著人民了解并向政府机构表达他们的需求，并有助于政府组织和国际发展机构了解如何支持正在经历大规模快速变革的土著社区。我的研究借鉴了三个关键的理论框架：语言生态，语言态度和语言意识形态。语言生态的概念现在已经很成熟，但语言与环境之间的相互作用以及霸权文化和经济制度的影响还没有得到很好的理解。Haugenian传统（建立在Haugen，1972）考虑到语言，人类思维，社会和环境;生物语言学方法将多语言系统与生物多样性相类比（Nettle & Romain，2002）; Hallidayans将语言与环境问题和政治联系起来（Halliday，1991）。我还借鉴了语言态度的方法（Sallabank，2013;加勒特，2010）分析马诺博-马蒂格萨卢格对他们的语言的个人主义倾向，以及语言意识形态理论（Kroskrity，2010年; Gal，2009）分析他们在社会、文化和政治环境中对自己语言的集体认知。我采用民族志的方法，通过参与观察，需要8个月的浸泡，与Manobo-Matigsalug生活在一起，观察和记录对话，行为，活动和社会行动的意义，以揭示他们动态的生态语言和IKSP。为了测试、证实和/或完善我对民族志数据的理解，我将进行深入的社会语言学访谈，并与马诺博-马蒂格萨鲁格进行焦点小组讨论。我的跨学科研究开创了三个方面：将语言、文化、政治、经济和环境科学结合到生态语言学中;文化和经济如何重塑生态语言学;生态语言学如何维持/破坏IKSP。我的项目为期3.5年：第一年-定向，完成文献综述，并完善文献综述，第二年-实地考察和分析，第三年-3.5 -完成分析，写作和出版。

Indigenous communities worldwide face the threat of losing their language, causing gradual annihilation of their rich linguistic and cultural heritage (United Nations, 2019; Igboanusi & Wolf, 2009; Anderson &Anderson, 2007). The incursion of dominant languages and cultures, and ongoing ecological concerns, provoke the progressive demise of indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSPs), traditionalknowledge transmitted across generations (United Nations, 2019). Philippine indigenous communities also face these perils, and the Manobo-Matigsalug, a Bukidnon aboriginal community of about fifty thousand people, are gravely affected.My project, building on my previous studies of indigenous languages, examines the Manobo-Matigsalug's changing "language ecology" (i.e. how languages interact with each other and the places they arespoken (Haugen, 1972)), in response to the threat to their IKSPs. My overarching research question is "How do the Manobo-Matigsalug in Sinuda, Kitaotao, Bukidnon, Philippines adapt to the dynamiclinguistic ecology of their society?" Specifically, my project will investigate:1. What hegemonic languages, cultures, political systems, economic institutions, and environmental issues drive changes in the language ecology of the Manobo-Matigsalug?2. How do the Manobo-Matigsalug project their language attitudes and ideologies in facing the changes to their language ecology?3. How does the Manobo-Matigsalug language ecology affect the preservation or abandonment of their IKSPs?Answering these questions at a time of crucial change will benefit the indigenous peoples in understanding and expressing their needs to government agencies, and help government organisationsand international development agencies understand how to support indigenous communities undergoing massive rapid change. My research draws on three key theoretical frameworks: language ecology,language attitudes, and language ideologies. The notion of language ecology is now well-established, but the interaction between language and environment, and the impact of hegemonic cultures and economicinstitutions are not well understood. The Haugenian tradition (building on Haugen, 1972) takes into account language, human mind, society, and environment; biolinguistic approaches examine multilingualsystems as analogous to biodiversity (Nettle & Romain, 2002); and Hallidayans link language to environmental issues and politics (Halliday, 1991). I also draw on approaches to language attitudes(Sallabank, 2013; Garrett, 2010) to analyse Manobo-Matigsalug's individualistic disposition towards their language, and theories of language ideologies (Kroskrity, 2010; Gal, 2009) to analyse their collectiveconstrual of their language in its social, cultural, and political environment.I adopt an ethnographic approach, through participant-observation, requiring 8 months of immersion, living with the Manobo-Matigsalug, observing and recording conversations, behaviours, activities, andmeanings of social actions to reveal their dynamic ecolinguistics and IKSPs. To test, corroborate, and/or refine my understanding of my ethnographic data, I will conduct in-depth sociolinguistic interviews andfocus group discussions with the Manobo-Matigsalug.My interdisciplinary research pioneers three aspects:combining language, culture, politics, economics, and environmental science in ecolinguistics; how culture and economics reshape ecolinguistics; and how ecolinguistics sustain/damage IKSPs. These perspectives have not previously been explored in the Philippine context.My project is structured for 3.5 years: Yr1 - orientation, completion of literature review, and refinement of literature review, Yr2 - fieldwork and analysis, Yr3-3.5 - completion of analysis, writing, andpublication.