Ecosystem services and land values: Analysing Land Value Capture Instrument's implementation process in coastal areas.

土地价值捕获工具和环境解决方案之间的联系越来越受到研究人员的关注，因为在政府气候危机相关支出不断增加的情况下，基于土地的融资机制作为缓解当局资金反应的替代方案。环境改善-例如基于自然的解决方案（NbS）-与土地价值之间的关系有几个例子。例如，在中国，空气质量的改善导致全市房地产价值增加了5.6%（Lord，货车der Krabben & Don，2022）。然而，文献表明，对这种关系仍有许多需要了解的地方-特别是从涉及公共和私人利益攸关方的执行进程的角度来看。在这方面，生态系统服务开发的估值机制提供了一个坚实的起点。1997年，作者定义了自然资本的概念（Restrepo，2021年）--指的是自然服务和效益提供的存量（康斯坦萨等人，1997年）。此外，生态系统服务描绘了经济与自然之间的强大联系，表现为人类社会获得的持续价值流。换句话说，它描述了自然与经济之间的联系，贯穿了价值流向人类社会的整个过程（雷斯特雷波，2021）。考虑到生态系统服务的概念包含自然与经济之间的联系，有可能对生态系统服务进行经济估值，承认人类从自然资本中获得“红利”（Restrepo，2021年; TEEB，2010年）。因此，无论是对现在还是对未来的人类福祉来说，保持强大的自然资本存量都至关重要。生态系统和生物多样性经济学方法（TEEB'S，2010）提出了评估生态系统服务价值的三个主要步骤。首先，认识到物种、生物多样性、景观和生态系统的价值的广泛层面。第二，通过计算湿地改善水质和防洪的成本和效益来证明价值--这与传统的灰色基础设施方法（即开发污水处理厂或水坝）有很大不同。第三，抓住价值。在最后一步，土地价值获取工具和生态系统服务之间的联系更加精确，因为它需要引入将生态系统价值纳入决策的工具。总之，本研究探讨了沿海地区土地价值获取工具的实施过程，这些工具可以建立一个健全的替代方案，以科普获取价值的挑战。通过应用生态系统服务评估，不仅需要了解土地价值捕获机制提供的财务机会，还需要了解在各种情况下设计和实施工具时利益相关者之间的相互作用（2012年5月; Sander，2018）。在生态系统服务价值评估的基础上，本研究将重点关注土地价值获取工具的实施过程-解决行为，制度和政治层面-旨在确定使这些机制蓬勃发展的关键因素。

The nexus between Land Value Capture instruments and environmental solutions has been receiving increasing attention from researchers due to the features of land-based financing mechanisms as an alternative to ease the funding response of the authorities -amid rising government climate-crisis-related expenditure. Several examples of the relationship between environmental improvements -such as Nature-based Solutions (NbS)- and land values can be found. For instance, in China, improvements in air quality led to citywide increases in property values of 5.6 per cent (Lord, van der Krabben & Don, 2022). However, literature shows that there is still much to understand about this relationship -especially from the implementation processes perspective involving public and private stakeholders. In this context, valuation mechanisms developed by Ecosystem Services grant a solid starting point. Ecosystem Services valuation was first mentioned in 1997 when authors defined the concept of natural capital (Restrepo, 2021) -referring to the stock provided by nature services and benefits (Constanza et al., 1997). Furthermore, Ecosystem Services depict a robust nexus between economy and nature expressed in continuous value flows received by human society. In other words, it describes the link between nature and economy throughout the value flows to human society (Restrepo, 2021). Bearing in mind that the concept of Ecosystem Services entails a bond between nature and economy, it is possible to develop an economic valuation of Ecosystem Services, acknowledging that humans receive a "dividend" from the natural capital (Restrepo, 2021; TEEB, 2010). Hence, it is essential for both the present and future of people's well-being to maintain a strong stock of natural capital.The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity approach (TEEB'S, 2010) suggests three main steps to assess Ecosystem Services valuation. Firstly, recognizing the broad dimensions of the value in species, biodiversity, landscapes and ecosystems. Secondly, demonstrating value by calculating, for example, the cost and benefits of improving water quality and flood protection provided by wetlands -which is substantively different from the traditional grey-infrastructures approach that would develop wastewater treatment plants or dams. Thirdly, capturing value. In this final step, the link between Land Value Capture instruments and Ecosystem Services is more precise, since it entails introducing tools that incorporate ecosystems' values into decision-making.To sum up, this research tackles the implementation processes of Land Value Capture instruments in coastal areas that can set up a sound alternative to cope with the challenge of capturing value. By applying the Ecosystem Services assessment, it will be necessary to understand not only the financial opportunity given by Land Value Capture mechanisms but also the interplay among stakeholders when instruments are designed and implemented in each context (May, 2012; Sander, 2018). With this being said, from the basis given by Ecosystem Services valuation, this research will focus on the implementation process of Land Value Capture instruments -addressing the behavioural, institutional and political dimensions- aiming to identify key factors that allow these mechanisms to thrive.