The Revival of Bodily Knowledge in Philosophy in an Age of Governmentality and Biopolitics

该博士项目旨在研究身体表现如何改变有关结构性种族主义的言论。我打算加深对非语言表演如何体现政治意义的理解。在这里，我根据已故福柯在《知识考古学》中概述的方法论对言语和非言语交流进行了区分，在该方法论中，他将话语理解为“已经说过的”和“未说过的”的组合。1我试图通过关注话语的具体非言语部分来扩展批判性话语分析（CDA）的理论基础和概念资源，而现有的 CDA 方法通常分析言语方面。我的假设是，非语言交流所传达的含义与上下文密不可分，并影响话语。我将通过探索人体通过手势传达对结构性种族主义的批评的合理例子来证明非语言交流的重要性，手势被理解为表达思想或感觉的身体运动，特别是在体育领域。所探索的姿势的一个例子是屈膝或跪下。跪拜在历史上曾被用于宗教仪式或作为向拥有更大权力的人祈求的表现。然而，这一行为最近象征着对结构性种族主义的批判，结构性种族主义是隐含在社会政治制度框架内的种族主义。我的项目分析了科林·卡佩尼克 (Colin Kaepernick) 2016 年“屈膝”的身体表演，将其作为这一现象的一个中心例子，并思考这一手势在上下文中所传达的含义。卡佩尼克的表演引起了全球对之前在美国本土化的讨论的关注，该讨论涉及结构性种族主义问题，例如警察对少数族裔的制度化暴行。关于手势历史意义的学术文献是存在的，包括 Bremmer 等人的《手势文化史》，但非语言身体分析代表了一个不发达的研究领域。卡佩尼克抗议的影响是一个研究主题，包括 Zirin 的 2021 年卡佩尼克效应。然而，这项工作并没有将跪下的历史意义联系起来。因此，本论文建议发展手势意义的学术研究和跨学科方法，通过这种方法可以对话语进行批判性分析，以更好地理解抵抗结构性种族主义的非语言形式，更广泛地理解影响性话语的非语言形式。

This PhD project proposes to investigate how bodily performance can change discourse regarding structural racism. I intend to develop the understanding of how non-verbal performance can manifest political meaning. Here I draw a distinction between verbal and non-verbal communication which is based on the late Foucault's methodology, outlined in his The Archaeology of Knowledge, in which he understood discourse as a combination of the "already-said" and "non-said".1 I seek to expand the theoretical foundations and conceptual resources of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) by focusing on the embodied non-verbal parts of discourse, whereas existing methods of CDA typically analyse the verbal aspects. My hypothesis is that non-verbal communications convey meanings that are inextricably linked to context and affect discourse. I will evidence the importance of non-verbal communication by exploring reasoned examples of the human body communicating critiques of structural racism through gestures, understood as a bodily movement expressive of thought or feeling, specifically in the sporting arena. An example of a gesture explored is genuflection, or kneeling. Genuflection has historically been utilised in religious liturgy or as a demonstration of supplication to one with greater power. However, this act has recently come to symbolise critique of structural racism, which is racism implicit within the framework of socio-political institutions. My project analyses Colin Kaepernick's 2016 bodily performance of "taking the knee" as one central example of this phenomenon and contemplate the meaning transmitted by this gesture in context. Kaepernick's performance brought global attention to a discourse that had previously been localised within the context of the US, regarding the issue of structural racism, exemplified by institutionalised police brutality against minorities. Academic literature on the historical meaning of gestures exists, including Bremmer et al, A Cultural History of Gesture, but non-verbal bodied analysis represents an underdeveloped research field. The impact of Kaepernick's protest is a topic of research, including Zirin's 2021 The Kaepernick Effect. However, this work does not contextualise the historical relevance of kneeling. Therefore, this thesis proposes to develop the scholarship on the meaning of gestures and an interdisciplinary method through which discourses can be critically analysed to better understand the non-verbal forms of resistance against structural racism, and more generally, non-verbal forms of affecting discourse.