Modalities of the Absolute: Spinoza, Hegel, Marx

模态逻辑与斯宾诺莎、黑格尔和马克思的绝对思维之间的关系是本文研究的中心。它会问，马克思在他的哲学中有多少绝对的形象与斯宾诺莎的第三类知识和黑格尔的绝对知识（或“绝对方法”）相对应。本研究将探讨是否通过模态逻辑的问题接近所有三个哲学体系提供了一个互补的阅读的方式，他们从事的问题的绝对。（作为对上帝的理智的爱;上帝与自然的同一性）与黑格尔的绝对知识（超越表象思维/主客体分离）和“无条件自主”，进而与马克思对革命主体的理解（超越主客体分离）相结合。调查他们之间的趋同和分歧，并遵循Balibar的阅读的所有三个人作为transindividual思想家谁阐明本体论，政治，伦理学和政治经济学的构成功能的关系，本研究将问在多大程度上的方法论方法模态逻辑在所有三个哲学体系中绑定在一起的绝对时刻在他们每一个。通过研究这三个系统中的绝对矩是否提出了一种替代模态，以替代康德/康德/启蒙模态逻辑，本研究将研究这种替代逻辑在多大程度上允许这些思想家提出一种替代的概念，即不可分割的社会理性。它还将询问，这种不可分割的社会理性的替代概念是否可以告知人类社会性的跨学科方法，作为一种潜在的女权主义政治的关怀/伦理不可分割的社会存在，合并独特的哲学范畴，如本体论，认识论，政治和伦理。

The central focus of the proposed research is the relation between modal logic and the thinking of the Absolute in Spinoza, Hegel and Marx. It will ask how far Marx has a figure of the Absolute in his philosophy corresponding to the Third Kind of Knowledge in Spinoza, and to the Absolute Knowing (or the "Absolute Method") in Hegel. The research will investigate whether approaching all three philosophical systems through the problem of modal logic offers a complementary reading of the ways they engage with the problem of the absolute.The research will first compare Spinoza's Intuitive Knowledge (as intellectual love of God; identity between God and Nature) with Hegel's Absolute Knowing (beyond representational thought/separation of subject and object) and Immanent Self-Determination, and then both with the understanding of the Revolutionary Subject in Marx (going beyond the separation of subject(ivity) and object(ivity)). Investigating the convergences and divergences between them and following Balibar's reading of all three of them as transindividual thinkers who articulate ontology, politics, ethics and political economy as constitutive function of relations, this research will ask how far the methodological approaches to modal logic in all three philosophical systems bind together the absolute moments in each of them. By investigating whether the Absolute moments in all three systems propose an alternative modality to Aristotelian/Kantian/Enlightenment modal logic, the research will investigate how far this alternative logic allows these thinkers to propose an alternative notion of immanent social rationality. It will also ask whether this alternative notion of immanent social rationality can inform an interdisciplinary approach to human sociality as a potentially feminist politics of care/ethics immanent to social being, merging distinctive philosophical categories such as ontology, epistemology, politics and ethics.